Serum Keratan Sulphate as a Cartilage Metabolic Marker in Horses: the Effect of Exercise

Okumura, Masahiro; Kim, G. H.; Tagami, Masaaki; Haramaki, Shigeyuki; Fujinaga, Toru

doi:10.1046/j.1439-0442.2002.00434.x

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Another study reported a decrease in aggrecan synthesis and concomitant increase in decorin synthesis in equine cartilage explants that persisted for 16 wks of rest following 17 wks of strenuous exercise [ 97 ]. Increases in CS and keratin sulfate (catabolic marker of cartilage metabolism) have been associated with cases of osteochondral fragmentation in horses [ 24 ] and repetitive exercise over time [ 22 , 98 ]. Healthy horses seem to be able to return to homeostatic conditions in joint tissues fairly quickly as was the case in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers of Antioxidant Status, Inflammation, and Cartilage Metabolism Are Affected by Acute Intense Exercise but Not Superoxide Dismutase Supplementation in Horses

Lamprecht

Williams

2012

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Objectives were to evaluate effects of (1) repetitive arthrocentesis on biomarkers of inflammation (prostaglandin E2, PGE2) and aggrecan synthesis (chondroitin sulfate-846; CS) in synovial fluid (SF); (2) exercise and superoxide dismutase (SOD) supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation, antioxidant status, and aggrecan synthesis, in horses. Preliminary trial. Standardbreds underwent four arthrocentesis procedures within 48 h and exhibited elevated CS and no changes in PGE2. Exercise trial. this randomized crossover design used twelve Standardbred mares which received either treatment (3000 IU d−1 oral SOD powder) or placebo (cellulose powder) for 6 wks which culminated with them running a repeated sprint exercise test (RSET). Samples were collected before (PRE), during (PEAK), and following exercise (POST). Exercise resulted in increased (P < 0.05) antioxidant defenses including erythrocyte SOD, total glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, gene transcripts for interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, and interleukin-1β in blood, and decreased plasma nitric oxide. Exercise increased (P < 0.05) SF CS and adjusted-PGE2, and higher (P < 0.05) CS and PGE2 were found in hock versus carpus joints. No treatment effects were detected. Results suggest normal adaptive responses likely due to exercise-induced tissue microdamage and oxidative stress. Additional research is needed to identify benefit(s) of SOD supplementation in horses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers of Antioxidant Status, Inflammation, and Cartilage Metabolism Are Affected by Acute Intense Exercise but Not Superoxide Dismutase Supplementation in Horses

Lamprecht

Williams

2012

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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“…Changes suggestive of microdamage and weakening of the type II collagen network of articular cartilage have been reported in strenuously exercised young racehorses 20 , whereas moderate exercise has been shown to have a beneficial effect on glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of articular cartilage in young 21 and adult 22 horses. It has been reported that the serum and synovial fluid levels of keratan sulfate, a GAG found on the individual proteoglycan molecules of aggrecan, are increased in young horses and ponies as a result of exercise 13,23,24 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significant exercise-related changes in the serum levels of two biomarkers of collagen metabolism in young horses

Billinghurst

Brama

Weeren

et al. 2003

Osteoarthritis and Cartilage

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We have identified two markers of collagen metabolism, CPII and CTx1, as potential serum indicators of the exercise effects on the developing skeletal system in horses. Forced exercise during the first months postpartum appeared to have a negative effect on collagen turnover when compared to levels in pastured foals. Routine monitoring of collagen biomarkers in sera of exercising young mammals may allow for the early detection of abnormalities in skeletal tissue metabolism and for subsequent intervention before permanent damage occurs.

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“…Another explanation for the fact that synovial GAG levels were not elevated in joints with moderate-severe cartilage damage could be that GAG released into SF is subsequently cleared from the joint very rapidly and levels therefore do not accumulate to values greater than in normal joints. Glycosaminoglycans are released into SF and then pass via lymph vessels into the bloodstream (Worrall et al 1994;Okumura et al 2002) and they have been shown to leave the joint within a few hours (Antonas et al 1973). This process has been shown to occur even more rapidly in inflamed joints (Myers et al 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is also possible that factors other than joint disease influence the amount of GAG in SF. Exercise has been shown to have such an effect, with serum keratan sulphate (KS) being elevated shortly post exercise (Okumura et al 2002). On the other hand, exercise has been shown to decrease GAG release from cartilage (van den Hoogen et al 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between synovial fluid levels of glycosaminoglycans, hydroxyproline and general MMP activity and the presence and severity of articular cartilage change on the proximal articular surface of P1

Boom

Harst

Brommer

et al. 2005

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Summary Reasons for performing study: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent and disabling chronic conditions affecting horses and leads to degeneration of articular cartilage. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs in combination with radiography, which is relatively insensitive and provides only an indication of accumulated damage. Alternative methods, such as molecular markers, are therefore needed that can quantitatively, reliably and sensitively detect osteoarthritic changes in the joints at an early stage of the disease. If such markers are to be used reliably, it is important to know the relationship between marker concentration and cartilage composition. Objectives: To study the relationship between cartilage composition, synovial fluid levels of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), hydroxyproline (Hyp) and general matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, and the presence and severity of articular cartilage damage on the articular surface of P1. Methods: Synovial fluid (SF) was collected from the metacarpophalangeal joints of 60 mature horses, and levels of GAGs, Hyp and general MMP activity were determined. Further, GAG and denatured collagen content of the articular cartilage were determined at the dorsal articular margin of P1 (site 1) and central cavity (site 2). The presence and severity of cartilage change was quantified using the cartilage degeneration index (CDI), measured at the same 2 sites. Correlations between SF parameters, cartilage composition and degree of cartilage degeneration were sought using correlation analysis. Results: There was no correlation between GAG or Hyp content of SF and the amount of GAGs or denatured collagen, respectively, in cartilage. In joints with moderate to severe cartilage damage, the GAG content of site 1 was significantly lower than in joints with no to minimal cartilage change (P = 0.005) and there was a negative correlation between the amount of denatured collagen and GAG content at site 1 in all joints (r =−0.39, P = 0.002). Further, in joints with moderate to severe cartilage damage, there was a significant positive correlation between MMP activity in SF and Hyp levels in SF (r = 0.72, P<0.001) and CDI at sites 1 (r = 0.46, P=0.03) and 2 (r = 0.43, P = 0.04). Conclusions: General MMP activity in joints with moderate to severe cartilage damage is related to the severity of those cartilage changes and to Hyp levels in SF. Glycosaminoglycan levels in SF are not directly related to MMP activity, GAG content of articular cartilage or severity of cartilage change. Potential relevance: Glycosaminoglycan levels in SF are not helpful for the early detection of cartilage lesions. In damaged joints, Hyp levels may give an indication of the severity of cartilage change as they are strongly related to MMP activity, but do not qualify as markers for the presence or absence of cartilage lesions.

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Serum Keratan Sulphate as a Cartilage Metabolic Marker in Horses: the Effect of Exercise

Cited by 15 publications

References 12 publications

Biomarkers of Antioxidant Status, Inflammation, and Cartilage Metabolism Are Affected by Acute Intense Exercise but Not Superoxide Dismutase Supplementation in Horses

Biomarkers of Antioxidant Status, Inflammation, and Cartilage Metabolism Are Affected by Acute Intense Exercise but Not Superoxide Dismutase Supplementation in Horses

Significant exercise-related changes in the serum levels of two biomarkers of collagen metabolism in young horses

Relationship between synovial fluid levels of glycosaminoglycans, hydroxyproline and general MMP activity and the presence and severity of articular cartilage change on the proximal articular surface of P1

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