Serum Levels of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Prospective Study

Kojima, Masayo; Wakai, Kenji; Tokudome, Shinkan; Suzuki, Kôji; Koji, Takehiko; Watanabe, Yoshiyuki; Kawado, Miyuki; Hashimoto, Shuji; Hayakawa, Norihiko; Ozasa, Kotaro; Toyoshima, Hideaki; Suzuki, Sadao; Ito, Yoshinori; Tamakoshi, Akiko

doi:10.1093/aje/kwi066

Cited by 69 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In epidemiologic studies about fish consumption, evidence of an inverse association with colorectal cancer risk has not been consistent (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(53)(54)(55). In our recent report (507 incident cases and 2,535 controls) without biomarkers, no association was found for the colon and rectum (42).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Risk of Colorectal Cancer Is Linked to Erythrocyte Compositions of Fatty Acids as Biomarkers for Dietary Intakes of Fish, Fat, and Fatty Acids

Kuriki

Wakai

Hirose

et al. 2006

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Consumption of fish rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid, is suggested to reduce colorectal cancer risk through inhibition of the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade related to tumorigenesis and cell proliferation. High intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) may increase the risk. To examine associations between colorectal cancer risk and fatty acid compositions in erythrocyte membranes, as biomarkers for dietary intakes of fish, fat, and fatty acids, we conducted a case-control study with 74 incident cases and 221 noncancer controls (matched by age, sex, and season of sample collection). Erythrocyte fatty acids were measured using an accelerated solvent extraction and a gas-liquid chromatography. Colorectal cancer had no association with dietary intakes of meat, fish, fat, and fatty acids. However, the risk was inversely associated with erythrocyte compositions of docosahexaenoic acid, AA, and PUFAs [the highest to the lowest tertile, odds ratios, 0.36, 0.42, and 0.15; 95% confidence intervals, 0.14-0.93, 0.18-0.95, and 0.05-0.46; P trend < 0.05, respectively] and positively with those of palmitic acid, SFAs, and the ratio of SFAs/PUFAs (odds ratios, 6.46, 8.20, and 9.45; 95% confidence intervals, 2.41-17.26, 2.86-23.52, and 2.84-31.43; P trend < 0.005, respectively). In conclusion, we could clearly show decreased and increased risks for colorectal cancer related to PUFAs and SFAs compositions in erythrocyte membranes, respectively, but further research is needed to investigate the discrepancy between our findings and the generally accepted role of the AA cascade. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(10):1791 -8)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Risk of Colorectal Cancer Is Linked to Erythrocyte Compositions of Fatty Acids as Biomarkers for Dietary Intakes of Fish, Fat, and Fatty Acids

Kuriki

Wakai

Hirose

et al. 2006

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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“…[4][5][6]10,[12][13][14] It is hypothesized that n-3 and n-6 PUFA can have opposing effects on colorectal tumor formation via modulation of the AA pathway; by changing the substrates and products, like eicosanoids, or by a direct effect on the genes involved in this pathway, although the precise mechanisms are far from clear. 3 One could question whether the observed association of n-3 PUFA and colorectal adenomas could partly be explained by n-6 PUFA, and vice versa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, studies, which assessed n-3 and n-6 PUFA intake by food frequency questionnaire 10,[12][13][14] or by serum levels, [4][5][6] did not show opposed associations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…2,3 However, results from human studies, evaluating colorectal cancer risk and n-3 PUFA measured in serum, have not been consistent, 1 study did observe a negative association, 4 whereas another study did not find an association, 5 or only in men. 6 Studies on colorectal adenomas, which can be considered as a precursor stage of colorectal cancer and n-3 PUFA are even more scarce. Oh et al found no association between n-3 PUFA intake obtained by a food frequency questionnaire and colorectal adenoma risk.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Opposing associations of serum n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids with colorectal adenoma risk: An endoscopy‐based case–control study

Pot

Geelen

Heijningen

et al. 2008

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Several human and animal studies have shown that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) might be associated with a decreased risk, whereas other studies showed that n-6 PUFA may be associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. However, results from these studies are not consistent. We evaluated the associations between serum n-3 and n-6 PUFA levels and colorectal adenoma risk in an endoscopy-based case-control study, conducted in The Netherlands between 1997 and 2002. We included 363 cases of colorectal adenomas and 498 adenoma-free controls. Serum fatty acids were measured in cholesteryl esters. Logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (OR), which were adjusted for age, gender and alcohol intake. Total serum n-3 PUFA levels were inversely associated with colorectal adenoma risk, the OR comparing the third tertile with the first tertile was 0.67 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.46-0.96, p for trend 5 0.03]. Serum eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3) and the n-3/n-6 ratio were inversely associated with colorectal adenoma risk, but these were not statistically significant. In contrast, the risk of colorectal adenomas was increased by total n-6 PUFA with an OR of 1.68 (95% CI, 1.17-2.42, p for trend 5 0.006) and by linoleic acid (LA; C18:2n-6) with an OR of 1.65 (95% CI, 1.15-2.38, p for trend 5 0.007). This is the first observational study that simultaneously finds an inverse association of serum n-3 PUFA and a positive association of n-6 PUFA with colorectal adenoma risk.

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“…These studies examined associations between the serum levels of fatty acids and the risks for lung, colorectal, 13 pancreatic, and biliary tract cancers. At the baseline survey from 1988 through 1990, the subjects completed a self-administered questionnaire on lifestyle factors including dietary habits and also donated blood samples.…”

Section: Study Population and Serum Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intake Frequency of Fish and Serum Levels of Long-chain n-3 Fatty Acids: A Cross-sectional Study within the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study

Wakai

Ito

Kojima

et al. 2005

Journal of Epidemiology

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BACKGROUND: Several investigations have adopted self-reported intake frequency of fish as a surrogate for intake of long-chain n-3 fatty acids, for which protective effects against cancer have been suggested. Whether reported fish consumption reflects the fatty acid intake, however, has to be elucidated. METHODS: We examined the association between intake frequency of fish and serum long-chain n-3 fatty acids (weight percentage of total fatty acids) among 1,257 control subjects (631 men and 626 women), aged 40-79 years, in case-control studies nested in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. All the subjects were not fasting when blood was drawn. Serum fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography. RESULTS: In men, intake frequency of fresh fish and dried or salted fish was significantly but weakly correlated with serum levels of eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (n-3) (DPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids; the age-adjusted Spearman correlation coefficients ranged from 0.11 to 0.18. In women, fresh fish consumption was somewhat associated with serum EPA (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.12) as was dried or salted fish consumption with serum DPA (0.11). A rising trend in geometric means of serum EPA, DPA, and DHA was found with an increasing intake frequency of fresh or dried/salted fish in both sexes. The geometric means adjusted for age and participating institution in the highest intake category were higher than those in the lowest by 7% to 40%. CONCLUSIONS: A population with high self-reported frequency of fish intake, as a group, may have higher bioavailability of long-chain n-3 fatty acids than one with low frequency.

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Serum Levels of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Prospective Study

Cited by 69 publications

References 28 publications

Risk of Colorectal Cancer Is Linked to Erythrocyte Compositions of Fatty Acids as Biomarkers for Dietary Intakes of Fish, Fat, and Fatty Acids

Risk of Colorectal Cancer Is Linked to Erythrocyte Compositions of Fatty Acids as Biomarkers for Dietary Intakes of Fish, Fat, and Fatty Acids

Opposing associations of serum n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids with colorectal adenoma risk: An endoscopy‐based case–control study

Intake Frequency of Fish and Serum Levels of Long-chain n-3 Fatty Acids: A Cross-sectional Study within the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study

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