Serum Levels of Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 Associated with the Severity and Outcome of Acute Ischemic Stroke

Abstract

Stroke is a neurological emergency, where the mechanism of the blood supply to the brain is impaired, resulting in brain cell ischemia and death. Neuroinflammation is a key component in the ischemic cascade that results in cell damage and death after cerebral ischemia. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) modulates neuroinflammation after acute ischemic stroke. In the present study, 60 patients with acute ischemic stroke, who had been subjected to neurological examinations and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and brain magnetic resonance imaging studies, were enrolled in the emergency room of Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. Twenty-four healthy volunteers were recruited as controls. The serum levels of soluble TREM-1 (sTREM-1), human S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including tumor necrosis α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8, and interferon-γ were measured immediately after acute ischemic stroke. The serum levels of sTREM-1, TNFα, IL-6, and S100B were correlated with the stroke volume and NIHSS, after acute ischemic stroke. Additionally, the serum levels of sTREM-1 were significantly positively correlated with S100B. The functional outcomes were evaluated 6 months after ischemic stroke by the Barthel index, which was correlated with the age and levels of sTREM-1 and S100B. We suggest that acute ischemic stroke induces neuroinflammation by the activation of the TREM-1 signaling pathway and the downstream inflammatory machinery that modulates the inflammatory response and ischemic neuronal cell death. From a translational perspective, our results may allow for the development of a new therapeutic strategy for acute ischemic stroke by targeting the TREM-1 signaling pathway.

Correlations Between Serum CXCL9/12 and the Severity of Acute Ischemic Stroke, a Retrospective Observational Study

“…A stroke is a neurological emergency that causes damage to the brain’s blood supply mechanisms, further leading to ischemia and death of brain cells. 19 Studies have reported that patients with AIS exhibit several severe deficits, such as impairments in memory, thinking, language, and movement. 14 In China, the prognosis of stroke patients is improved in recent years, presenting an in-hospital death rate of 1.9% for inpatients, a 12-month fatality rate of 8.6% for discharged patients, and a 12-month disability rate of 16.6% and a recurrence rate of 5.7% for survivors.…”

sTREM-1 promotes the phagocytic function of microglia to induce hippocampus damage via the PI3K–AKT signaling pathway

“…Serum sTREM-1 has been considered a surrogate index for evaluating the severity and functional prognosis of patients with acute ischemic stroke 31 . A previous study indicated an increased TREM-1 in serum, spleen, and lymph nodes of B6.lpr mice.…”

“…In addition, increased sTREM-1 levels have been found in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of subarachnoid hemorrhage patients, monitoring the extent of brain injury at an early stage 29 , 30 . Also, after acute ischemic stroke, the serum levels of sTREM-1 in patients are positively correlated with S100B, a marker for brain damage and blood–brain-barrier disruption 31 . Yet, the exact function of sTREM-1 in NPSLE remains unclear.…”

Will Sirtuin 2 Be a Promising Target for Neuroinflammatory Disorders?

“…Recent studies suggest that secondary neuroinflammation promotes further brain damage, leading to cell death in patients with acute stroke ( Jayaraj et al, 2019 ; Huang et al, 2020 ). Conversely, the secretion of inflammatory factors is also beneficial as it promotes immune recovery ( Jayaraj et al, 2019 ).…”