Serum LOX-1, ADMA and hs-CRP as Biomarkers of Ischemic Heart Disease in Chronic kidney Disease Patients

Abstract

Chronic renal disease is a worldwide major health problem, with increasing incidence, prevalence, high costs, and poor outcomes. 1 Mortality among patients with CKD and ESRD remains high due to its association with the occurrence of ischemic heart disease (IHD). 2 Numerous data show a close relationship between inflammation and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Hs-CRP is an important indicator and diagnostic tool for systemic inflammation. It has been found that Interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α are proinflammatory cytokines that can stimulate CRP synthesis in the liver. 3 All these biomarkers are very useful in the prediction of cardiovascular complications and mortality in ESRD patients. 4 Renal function impairment frequently leads to IHD. There are many traditional risk factors associated with IHD. Nowadays non-traditional CKD-specific risk factors for IHD appeared. Among the most important non-conventional risk factors are uremic toxins (UTs). Despite many studies either