Serum magnesium and risk of incident heart failure in older men: The British Regional Heart Study

Abstract

To examine the association between serum magnesium and incident heart failure (HF) in older men and investigate potential pathways including cardiac function, inflammation and lung function. Prospective study of 3523 men aged 60–79 years with no prevalent HF or myocardial infarction followed up for a mean period of 15 years, during which 268 incident HF cases were ascertained. Serum magnesium was inversely associated with many CVD risk factors including prevalent atrial fibrillation, lung function (FEV1) and markers of inflammation (IL-6), endothelial dysfunction (vWF) and cardiac dysfunction [NT-proBNP and cardiac troponin T (cTnT)]. Serum magnesium was inversely related to risk of incident HF after adjustment for conventional CVD risk factors and incident MI. The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for HF in the 5 quintiles of magnesium groups were 1.00, 0.72 (0.50, 1.05), 0.85 (0.59, 1.26), 0.76 (0.52, 1.11) and 0.56 (0.36, 0.86) respectively [p (trend) = 0.04]. Further adjustment for atrial fibrillation, IL-6, vWF and FEV1 attenuated the association but risk remained significantly reduced in the top quintile (≥ 0.87 mmol/l) compared with the lowest quintile [HR 0.62 (0.40, 0.97)]. Adjustment for NT-proBNP and cTnT attenuated the association further [HR 0.70 (0.44, 1.10)]. The benefit of high serum magnesium on HF risk was most evident in men with ECG evidence of ischaemia [HR 0.29 (0.13, 0.68)]. The potential beneficial effect of high serum magnesium was partially explained by its favourable association with CVD risk factors. Further studies are needed to investigate whether serum magnesium supplementation in older adults may protect from the development of HF.

Assessing Causality in Associations of Serum Calcium and Magnesium Levels With Heart Failure: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study

“…The overall results of this MR study did not find any evidence for a causal association between minerals and heart failure and thus do not support findings from previous observational studies, suggesting a positive association between serum calcium and heart failure risk (Lutsey et al, 2014) as well as an inverse association between serum magnesium and heart failure risk (Zhang et al, 2012; Lutsey et al, 2014; Kunutsor et al, 2016; Taveira et al, 2016; Wannamethee et al, 2018). However, given that previous studies are scarce and findings are limited by potential residual confounding and reverse causality, caution must be applied when interpreting these data.…”

“…However, findings are not consistent (Van-Hemelrijck et al, 2013; Donneyong et al, 2015). On the other hand and in line with findings for coronary artery disease, an inverse relationship has been suggested for blood levels and dietary intake of magnesium and heart failure incidence (Zhang et al, 2012; Lutsey et al, 2014; Kunutsor et al, 2016; Taveira et al, 2016; Wannamethee et al, 2018). However, due to the limited data available and the fact that most studies, with one exception (Donneyong et al, 2015), were observational, it is uncertain whether the associations are causal and not biased by reverse causality or residual confounding.…”

Objectives, design and main findings until 2020 from the Rotterdam Study

“…For additional EJE references please see [142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160].…”

Environmental heavy metals and cardiovascular diseases: Status and future direction

“… 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 The available studies have also reported a significant association between imbalances in essential metals and CVD risk. Specifically, imbalanced levels of Zn, 20 , 21 Cu, 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 Cr, 27 , 28 Co, 29 , 30 Mg, 22 , 24 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 Se, 61 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ,…”