Serum metabolites of proanthocyanidin-administered rats decrease lipid synthesis in HepG2 cells

Plasma kinetics and microbial biotransformation of grape seed flavanols in rats

“…Microflora extensively affect flavanol cleavage and hence further contribute to the variation in the molecular forms of the flavanols found in blood and tissues (Dall'Asta et al, 2012;Gonthier et al, 2003). These findings suggest that the bioactive forms of flavanols could be products of their wide metabolism (Del Rio et al, 2013;Guerrero et al, 2013). Although there are several studies in rats and humans evaluating flavanol phase II metabolism (Arola-Arnal et al, 2013;Das & Rosazza, 2006), the microbial colonic catabolism of flavanols has been poorly studied in vivo, but it has been evaluated extensively by in vitro experiments using a human or rat faecal matrix (Cueva et al, 2013;Sánchez-Patán et al, 2012a,b Serra et al, 2012.…”

Cocoa and cocoa flavanol epicatechin improve hepatic lipid metabolism in in vivo and in vitro models. Role of PKCζ

“…Similarly, EC restored high TG, NEFA and T-Cho levels in high glucose-challenged HepG2 cells to control values. In line with these results, different cocoa extracts and EC reduced serum and hepatic lipid levels in diabetic rodents (Jalil, Ismail, Chong, Hamidc, & Syed Kamaruddina, 2009;Jalil, Ismail, Pei, Hamid, & Kamaruddin, 2008;Ruzaidi et al, 2005;Si et al, 2011), and grape procyanidins diminished lipid values in HepG2 cells (Guerrero et al, 2013). Moreover, it has also been reported that resveratrol and extracts rich in phenolic compounds from fruits and plants reversed the impaired lipid profile in the liver of diabetic rodents (Im et al, 2014;Kopec, Piatkowska, Leszczynska, & Koronowicz, 2013;Mokiran et al, 2014), as well as in lipidoverloaded hepatic cells .…”

“…Additionally, a cocoa phenolic extract and EC alone strengthen insulin signalling by activating key proteins such as AKT and AMPK in HepG2 cells (Cordero-Herrera, Martín, Bravo, Goya, & Ramos, 2013). Moreover, it has been reported that metabolites derived from a proanthocyanidin-rich extract of cocoa decreased lipid synthesis and excretion in HepG2 cells (Guerrero et al, 2013). Different studies have also demonstrated that cocoa or its main components, such as EC, exert hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects on several animal models of diabetes and insulin resistance (Cordero-Herrera, Martín, Goya, & Ramos, 2015a;Matsuia et al, 2005;Mokiran et al, 2014;Ramos et al, 2008;Ruzaidi, Amin, Nawalyah, Hamid, & Faizul, 2005;Si et al, 2011).…”

Profiling and Distribution of Metabolites of Procyanidin B2 in Mice by UPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn Technique

“…Proanthocyanidins have been known as one kind of strong antioxidant compounds to prevent or ameliorate metabolic syndrome and to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and cancer (Veluri et al, 2006; Terra et al, 2011; Guerrero et al, 2013; Margalef et al, 2015). …”

“…Procyanidin B2 has been reported to be slightly absorbed without conjugation or methylation (Clifford, 2004; Appeldoorn et al, 2009b; Stoupi et al, 2010a). Interestingly, the beneficial effects of procyanidin B2 may in part be due to the metabolites formed in the tissue rather than the parent compounds (Del Rio et al, 2013; Guerrero et al, 2013). Furthermore, Spencer et al (2001) found that (−)-epicatechin was the major metabolites of purified procyanidin B2 after transfer across the rat small intestine via LC-MS technology.…”