Serum metabolomic markers for traumatic brain injury: a mouse model

Using Serum Amino Acids to Predict Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Approach to Utilize Multiple Biomarkers

“…Due to the heterogenous and multi-faceted nature of TBI, multi-variate biomarkers have advantages over univariate biomarkers for the prediction of TBI and its outcome. Therefore, recently, more studies are focusing on combining multiple biomarkers to capture different metabolic processes, neuropathological sequelae, molecular interactions, and deficits of TBI [3,13,19,23,30,31].…”

“…These brain biomechanical loads initiate a cascade of short-and long-term cellular and sub-cellular biochemical and metabolomic alterations in the brain which cause primary injury and secondary injury that evolves over time [1] and can lead to long-term neurodegeneration [2]. These biochemical and metabolomic alterations first appear in the brain tissue and then, by crossing a number of barriers, manifest in biofluids such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, saliva and urine [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Therefore, biofluids contain valuable information about the occurrence and progression of TBI and thus recently have been explored as a source for potential biomarkers to diagnose TBI, as well as to assess its severity, monitor its progression, predict patient outcomes, and determine the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions [1,4,5,[9][10][11][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

“…Over the last few years, several biofluid biomarkers such as ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S100β, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament light chain (e.g., NF-L) and tau have been studied as diagnostic and prognostic markers of TBI [1,13,15,22,23]. In addition to these biomarkers that are directly associated with primary neuronal, glial, or axonal damage due to TBI, the concentration levels of amino acids and other metabolite markers in CSF, serum, and even urine, have been shown to be significantly different in patients with TBI in comparison to non-TBI subjects in clinical studies [5,8,12,16,19] and are altered following TBI in comparison to pre-injury conditions in pre-clinical studies [3,[6][7][8]. The metabolite biomarkers have been shown to be related to secondary injury and associated with acute to chronic neuropathological sequelae, neurodegeneration, cognitive impairments, as well as energy deficits and damages in the brain tissue following TBI [8,19].…”

“…The metabolite biomarkers have been shown to be related to secondary injury and associated with acute to chronic neuropathological sequelae, neurodegeneration, cognitive impairments, as well as energy deficits and damages in the brain tissue following TBI [8,19]. Studies suggested that metabolite changes have great potential to be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for TBI and TBI-induced neurodegeneration [1][2][3]8,16,17,19,24,25].…”

Medium-chain Fatty Acids as Biomarkers of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury

“…Metabolomics can be defined as the comprehensive study of the entire set of metabolites from a cell, tissue, organ, body fluid or organism at a specific time, as well as of the metabolic changes observed in response to a genetic or environmental perturbation. However, only a few authors have previously reported the application of metabolomic techniques for investigating TBI pathogenesis, usually by employing nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H-NMR) to study the brain and blood metabolome from different animal models (Viant et al, 2005, Bahado-Singh et al, 2016a, Bahado-Singh et al, 2016b). Thereby, it was demonstrated that numerous significant disturbances in TBI might be associated with oxidative stress, membrane disruption, failures in energy metabolism and neuronal injury, among other pathological processes.…”