Serum Microbial- and Host-Derived Markers of Periodontal Diseases: A Review

Abstract

Periodontitis is bacterial infection of tooth-supporting tissues leading to inflammation and, subsequently, to loss of teeth. It is one of the most common infections worldwide. Recent studies have shown that periodontal infection may pose a threat to general health by increasing the risk of cardiovascular and lung diseases, and preterm labour. Thus, useful markers of systemic exposure to periodontitis are needed. Markers of periodontitis in serum include those derived directly from periodontopathic pathogens and those originating from the host defence and immune mechanisms. Periodontitis is associated with endotoxemia, which can be directly measured as elevated concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in periodontitis patients compared with healthy subjects. Also indirect methods determining endotoxemia, such as elevated concentrations of serum LPS binding protein, soluble CD14, and antibodies to LPS of periodontal pathogens have been reported. Surrogate measures of the host response against periodontal infection, such as matrix metalloproteinases, cytokines, chemokines, inflammation markers, antiphospholipid antibodies, and antibodies to periodontal pathogens, have been used. Of these, however, only antibodies to periodontal pathogens may be seen as specific markers of systemic exposure to periodontopathic pathogens. In this paper we describe and discuss serum markers of periodontitis that have been used for research purposes and/or to support diagnostics. Based on literature review, we encourage research and development of serum screening methods for periodontitis that could be used by general physicians.

Local and Systemic Responses in Matrix Metalloproteinase 8-Deficient Mice duringPorphyromonas gingivalis-Induced Periodontitis

“…Increased bacterial burden in inflamed periodontal pockets leads to the presence of oral bacteria and their components, such as LPS, in the systemic circulation (15,22). Periodontitis is also accompanied by the systemic antibody response against periodontal pathogens and proatherogenic changes in lipoprotein metabolism (42)(43)(44)(45).…”

Link between Periodontal Disease and Coronary Artery Disease: Bangladesh Perspective

“…23 For the purpose of epidemiological studies, 3 clinical parameters are typically recorded to assess the prevalence of PD: (1) Bleeding on probing, (2) pocket depth, and (3) clinical attachment level, which reflects the amount of periodontal tissue loss. 3 Other markers of periodontitis include detection of subgingival microbial colonization by selected periodontal organisms [24][25][26][27] and evaluation of serum IgG or IgA antibodies to selected periodontal bacteria [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] . to 10-fold higher rates of myocardial infarction and death before the age of 40 years.…”

Local and systemic immune responses in gingivitis and periodontitis

“…Periodontal diseases are among the most common chronic infections in humans [1]. Gingivitis and periodontitis are caused by microbial plaque that accumulates in the region of the gingival crevice and induces an inflammatory response in the supporting tissues of the teeth, characterized by a gradual loss of periodontal attachment and alveolar bone [2].…”