Serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration in healthy horses and horses with acute kidney injury

Siwińska, Natalia; Żak, Agnieszka; Słowikowska, Malwina; Niedźwiedź, Artur; Pasławska, Urszula

doi:10.1186/s12917-020-02621-y

Cited by 22 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…The mean value of SDMA in healthy donkeys corresponded to the results obtained in horses [12][13][14]. None of the donkeys in our study had SDMA levels above the upper reference limit established for horses and small animals [5].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…SDMA is a biomarker of kidney dysfunction routinely used in human and small animal medicine. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, there are few studies assessing the SDMA values in horses [13,14], and there are no studies of this biomarker in donkeys. Its serum concentration increases in response to a 40% loss of kidney function, and it is less-affected by extrarenal factors such as muscle mass, sex, and age [2,8,10,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of Selected Renal Biochemical Parameters in Healthy Adult Donkeys Considering the Influence of Gender, Age and Blood Freezing

Fraczkowska

Trzebuniak

Żak

et al. 2021

Animals

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The reference values of the serum and urine biochemical parameters have not been well-studied in donkeys. This study aimed to assess the normal values of the selected renal biomarkers, such as: serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin, total protein (TP), electrolytes and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), urine protein concentration (UPC), urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPCR), the urine gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGTP)-to-creatinine ratio, serum creatinine-to-urine creatinine ratio (sCr/uCr), serum BUN-to-serum creatinine ratio (sBUN/sCr) and UPC-to-TP ratio, as well as the fractional electrolyte excretion of sodium (FENa) and potassium (FEK) in donkeys. The effects of age, gender and deep freezing of the serum material were investigated. Sixty-five healthy adult donkeys were involved in this study. The results showed higher BUN and TP values and lower albumin, UPCR, FENa and FEK levels in donkeys when compared to the reference values in horses. A significant gender relationship for creatinine and BUN was found. Age influenced the values of albumin, TP, potassium and chlorine. Potassium, sodium and SDMA did not show significant concentration changes after freezing. The study results demonstrated that horse reference range values for some parameters cannot be applied to donkey samples. Only a few of the serum parameters were not affected by freezing, and this should be taken into account when storing biological materials.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Selected Renal Biochemical Parameters in Healthy Adult Donkeys Considering the Influence of Gender, Age and Blood Freezing

Fraczkowska

Trzebuniak

Żak

et al. 2021

Animals

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“…To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first study to assess serum SDMA concentration at pre-clinical stages of AKI in horses with gastrointestinal disease and horses treated with potentially nephrotoxic drugs. Furthermore, only a few reports have been published on SDMA levels in horses, none of which report studies carried out in animals at risk of developing AKI [26][27][28][29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies in human and companion animals, on the other hand, assessed multiple serum and urinary parameters as potential AKI biomarkers, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) being the most common [19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. SDMA levels have previously been determined in healthy adult horses and in neonatal foals [26][27][28] but only one study has assessed SDMA in horses with kidney dysfunction; however a different diagnostic test was used [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting acute kidney injury in horses by measuring the concentration of symmetric dimethylarginine in serum

2021

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Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) in horses may develop as a complication of a primary disease or following the administration of nephrotoxic drugs, and may pose a diagnostic challenge. Hence, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrations and diagnostic significance of serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and conventional renal dysfunction biomarkers in healthy horses, horses at risk of developing AKI, and horses with clinically evident AKI. A second aim was to assess how gastrointestinal disease and exposure to potentially nephrotoxic drugs affected SDMA levels. Thirty healthy horses, 30 horses with gastrointestinal disease and/or receiving phenylbutazone or gentamicin (risk group) and 11 horses with AKI were included in the study. Serum SDMA levels were measured using commercially available enzyme immunoassay tests. Results SDMA levels in healthy horses, horses at risk of AKI and horses with AKI were 12 µg/dL (11–14), 12 µg/dL (11–13) and 20 µg/dL (20–37), respectively (all results presented as a median (quartile 1–quartile 3)). There was a significant difference in SDMA concentration between the healthy horses and those with AKI, whereas the SDMA levels in healthy horses and those at risk of AKI were comparable. A SDMA cut-off value of 19 µg/dL was established. Horses from the risk group had higher urine protein concentration and urine protein to creatinine ratio compared with healthy horses. Furthermore, horses with colic from the risk group presented with elevated urine γ-glutamyl transpeptidase to creatinine ratio. Conclusion The SDMA cut-off value established in healthy horses was higher than previously reported. The SDMA level correlated with the azotaemia levels. Horses from the AKI risk group had normal SDMA levels but single urine parameters was abnormal indicating their higher sensitivity in assessing subclinical kidney dysfunction.

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“…A total of 26.8% (11/41) of the horses had increased serum concentrations of SDMA at T 0 using a cut-off at 0.75 μmol/L. 14 Of the horses with increased SDMA concentrations, the median concentration was 0.99 (IQR: 0.87-1.70) μmol/L. A total of 22% (9/41) of horses had serum…”

Section: Renal Parameters and Renal Function Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Symmetric dimethylarginine and renal function analysis in horses with dehydration

Winter

Merle

et al. 2021

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Background: Acute dehydration caused by a variety of diseases in horses can lead to acute kidney injury. However, current renal biomarkers usually indicate renal damage late in the course of the disease. A novel biomarker would be helpful to diagnose renal disease earlier.Objectives: 1) To estimate the correlation of serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentrations with the degree of dehydration, traditional renal biomarkers and renal function analysis, and 2) to determine the value of SDMA as a prognostic and early biomarker of renal injury in horses. Study design: Prospective cohort.Methods: Serum SDMA, creatinine and urea concentrations and renal function analysis were measured in 41 horses with dehydration at four time points until 48 hours after admission. Horses were grouped according to their dehydration level into mildly, moderately and severely dehydrated groups.Results: Serum SDMA concentrations at admission correlated with creatinine concentrations (r = 0.412, P<0.001). Differences of SDMA concentrations at admission were detected among dehydration levels but not between survivors and non-survivors. Significant correlations of SDMA concentrations with other markers of renal function analysis and short-term outcome were not observed. Main limitations:Besides the small sample size and low statistical power, missing urine samples at specific time points were also one of the main limitations. Only one of the horses developed acute kidney injury, which made the evaluation of the predictive value of SDMA difficult.Conclusions: SDMA concentrations correlated significantly with creatinine concentrations in dehydrated horses. Further research is needed to reveal the application of SDMA in horse.

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Serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration in healthy horses and horses with acute kidney injury

Cited by 22 publications

References 32 publications

Measurement of Selected Renal Biochemical Parameters in Healthy Adult Donkeys Considering the Influence of Gender, Age and Blood Freezing

Measurement of Selected Renal Biochemical Parameters in Healthy Adult Donkeys Considering the Influence of Gender, Age and Blood Freezing

Detecting acute kidney injury in horses by measuring the concentration of symmetric dimethylarginine in serum

Symmetric dimethylarginine and renal function analysis in horses with dehydration

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