Serum tumour markers: how to order and interpret them

Sturgeon, Catharine M.; Lai, Lifei; Duffy, M. J.

doi:10.1136/bmj.b3527

Cited by 92 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The cut-off values were 35 U/mL for CA-125, 2.5 for CEA, 5 for hCG and 6 for AFP. 5 Serum CA-125 values were determined as normal lower than 35 U/mL and higher more than 35 U/mL. Other tumour markers were similarly evaluated normal or higher according to the cut-off values.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of risk factors and tumor markers in ovarian malignancy in western part of Odisha: a prospective observational study

Pradhan¹,

Singh²,

Ravikumar³

et al. 2018

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

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Background: Ovarian cancer represents one of the most frequently seen malignancies in women and it is the fifth most common cause of cancer-related death in women. The aim of the study to determine the risk factors leading to ovarian cancer in western part of Odisha, India and show the tumour markers in this population.Methods: This is a prospective observational study included 240 ovarian masses diagnosed at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, V. S. S. Medical College, Burla, Sambalpur over 3 years based on preoperative clinical, biochemical (tumour markers) and imaging study and confirm through post-operative histopathology reports.Results: Surface epithelial tumours (68.33%) followed by germ cell tumours (30.83%) are the most common ovarian tumour. Incidence of ovarian cancer is 73.58% in ≤50 years of age group and more number of cases (16.65%) also found in younger age (≤30 year). Overall number of ovarian cancer cases rising. Bilateral tubal ligation is not a protective factor for ovarian cancer (p value >0.05) and consumption of alcohol and tobacco is not increase risk for ovarian cancer. Most of ovarian tumour commonly present with vague abdominal pain (75.83%) followed by mass per abdomen (55%). Ascites mainly a presentation of malignant tumour seen in 46(63.88%) cases. CA125 is the frequently detected tumour markers and all of the tumour markers were significantly within normal limit.Conclusions: Ovarian neoplasia is one of the most common and lethal malignancy in female reproductive tract. Though it is a disease of older age but now a day more no of cases also seen in younger age group. Since most of the ovarian cancer remain asymptomatic for long period so measure should be taken for early diagnosis for best outcome. So, assessment of each regions statistical information reflecting its own profile may be important for estimation of risk for development of ovarian cancer and so useful for early preventive measure before progress to advance stage where prognosis is worst. So, relationship between the profiles of patients and types of ovarian neoplasms may give an idea about the risk factors of the disease in its region. Additionally, distribution of tumour markers might be considered for the dis-criminating of the benign or malign characters of the ovarian neoplasia.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of risk factors and tumor markers in ovarian malignancy in western part of Odisha: a prospective observational study

Pradhan¹,

Singh²,

Ravikumar³

et al. 2018

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

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“…It is of course essential to be aware of the caveats of use of AFP, including the benign and malignant diseases that may cause raised serum AFP and the fact that a value within reference intervals never necessarily excludes malignancy (99,134 ). An elevated AFP detected by a single measurement may be transient (e.g., arising from an inflammatory flare of underlying chronic viral hepatitis), whereas elevated but stable concentrations decrease the likelihood that HCC is the causal agent.…”

Section: (512-515 )mentioning

confidence: 99%

National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines for Use of Tumor Markers in Liver, Bladder, Cervical, and Gastric Cancers

et al. 2010

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Background: Updated National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines for the use of tumor markers in the clinic have been developed. Methods: Published reports relevant to use of tumor markers for 4 cancer sites—liver, bladder, cervical, and gastric—were critically reviewed. Results: α-Fetoprotein (AFP) may be used in conjunction with abdominal ultrasound for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis associated with hepatitis B or C virus infection. AFP concentrations >200 μg/L in cirrhotic patients with typical hypervascular lesions >2 cm in size are consistent with HCC. After a diagnosis of HCC, posttreatment monitoring with AFP is recommended as an adjunct to imaging, especially in the absence of measurable disease. Although several urine markers have been proposed for bladder cancer, none at present can replace routine cystoscopy and cytology in the management of patients with this malignancy. Some may, however, be used as complementary adjuncts to direct more effective use of clinical procedures. Although carcinoembryonic antigen and CA 19-9 have been proposed for use gastric cancer and squamous cell carcinoma antigen for use in cervical cancer, none of these markers can currently be recommended for routine clinical use. Conclusions: Implementation of these recommendations should encourage optimal use of tumor markers for patients with liver, bladder, cervical, or gastric cancers.

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“…70 It is possible to measure serum CA125 in primary care; this has reasonable specificity, but the sensitivity is unknown, so it is of debatable value. [71][72] A better test is ultrasound, ideally trans-vaginally. This has been extensively tested in screening studies, with good performance characteristics, although -as always -it is risky to extrapolate from the screened population to the symptomatic population.…”

Section: Ovarian Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer diagnosis in primary care

2010

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Around a quarter of those in the developed world die of cancer. Most cancers present to primary care with symptoms, even when there is a screening test for the particular cancer. However, the symptoms of cancer are also symptoms of benign disease, and the GP has to judge whether cancer is a possible explanation. Very little research examined this process until relatively recently. This review paper examines the process of primary care diagnosis, especially the selection of patients for rapid investigation. It concentrates on the four commonest UK cancers: breast, lung, colon, and prostate as these have been the subject of most recent studies.

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Serum tumour markers: how to order and interpret them

Cited by 92 publications

References 27 publications

Study of risk factors and tumor markers in ovarian malignancy in western part of Odisha: a prospective observational study

Study of risk factors and tumor markers in ovarian malignancy in western part of Odisha: a prospective observational study

National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines for Use of Tumor Markers in Liver, Bladder, Cervical, and Gastric Cancers

Cancer diagnosis in primary care

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