Serum vitamin D levels are decreased and associated with thyroid volume in female patients with newly onset Graves’ disease

Yasuda, Tetsuyuki; Okamoto, Yasuyuki; Hamada, Noboru; Miyashita, Kazuyuki; Takahara, Mitsuyoshi; Sakamoto, Fumie; Miyatsuka, Takeshi; Kitamura, Tatsuya; Katakami, Naoto; Kawamori, Dan; Otsuki, Michio; Matsuoka, Taka‐aki; Kaneto, Hideaki; Shimomura, Iichiro

doi:10.1007/s12020-012-9679-y

Cited by 98 publications

(101 citation statements)

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“…A significant inverse relationship was found between the circulating concentrations of vitamin D and thyroid volume. This observation would be in line with the finding by Vilarrasa et al [9] who reported an inverse association between body mass index (which is positively associated with thyroid volume) and circulating 25(OH) vitamin D. On the other hand, Yasuda et al [8] found no association between the serum levels of 25(OH)D 3 and TSH-, FT3-, FT4-, or TSHreceptor antibodies. Although the results of this study are limited by the small number of investigated patients and by its cross-sectional design, some specific comments can be drawn.…”

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Vitamin D deficiency in patients with Graves’ disease: probably something more than a casual association

Rotondi

Chiovato

2012

Endocrine

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supporting

confidence: 90%

“…In this issue of Endocrine, Yasuda et al [8] measured the serum levels of 25(OH) vitamin D in 26 female patients with newly onset Graves' disease and in 46 healthy female controls. Vitamin D deficiency was diagnosed when laboratory results indicated a serum level below 15 ng/ml.…”

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confidence: 99%

Vitamin D deficiency in patients with Graves’ disease: probably something more than a casual association

Rotondi

Chiovato

2012

Endocrine

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“…However, it is unclear whether low vitamin D levels closely correlate with the development of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). Small case-control studies have suggested lower serum vitamin D levels or a higher prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in patients with AITD compared with healthy controls (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). However, another study reported no significant association between the serum vitamin D levels and thyroid autoimmunity (17).…”

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confidence: 99%

Low Levels of Serum Vitamin D3 Are Associated with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease in Pre-Menopausal Women

Choi

Kim

et al. 2014

Thyroid

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Background: Low serum vitamin D levels have been associated with several autoimmune diseases, but their association with thyroid autoimmunity is unclear. We evaluated the association of serum vitamin D levels with the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). Methods: Our cross-sectional study included subjects who underwent routine health checkups, which included assays of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab), as well as thyroid ultrasonography (US) between 2008 and 2012 at the Asan Medical Center. We defined AITD according to the levels of TPO-Ab and US findings. Results: A total of 6685 subjects (58% male; 42% female) were enrolled for this study. Overall prevalence of TPO-Ab positivity and both TPO-Ab/US positivity were 10.1% (6.3% male; 15.3% female) and 5.4% (2.3% male; 9.7% female) respectively. In female subjects, mean serum 25(OH)D3 levels were significantly lower in the TPO-Ab(+) (22.0 vs. 23.5 ng/mL, p = 0.030) and TPO-Ab(+)/US(+) groups (21.6 vs. 23.4 ng/mL, p = 0.027) compared with the control group, respectively. According to the levels of serum 25(OH)D3, the prevalence of TPO-Ab positivity (21.2%, 15.5%, and 12.6% in deficient, insufficient, and sufficient group, respectively; p = 0.001) and both TPO-Ab and US positivity (14.7%, 9.9%, and 7.1% in deficient, insufficient, and sufficient group, respectively; p < 0.001) decreased in female subjects. Interestingly, this pattern was significant only in pre-menopausal women ( p = 0.003 and p < 0.001; respectively), but not in postmenopausal women. Multivariate analysis indicated that the adjusted odds ratios (

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“…Recently, Yasuda and coworkers found an association between vitamin D levels and thyroid gland volume, a clinical factor related to GD, pointing to a direct role of vitamin D in GD pathogenesis [6] (Table 1).…”

Section: (Oh)d Values Than Healthy Controls (P =mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D and thyroid autoimmune diseases: the known and the obscure

Bizzaro

Shoenfeld

2014

Immunol Res

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Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone, obtained from the diet or synthesized in human skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol after UV irradiation exposure. Its importance in calcium homeostasis is well recognized, as well its role in decreasing the risk of rickets, fractures, osteopenia, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis. What is a new developing issue is the involvement of vitamin D deficiency (commonly defined as less than 30 ng/ml) in the boost of many other disorders and especially in autoimmune diseases [1]. In light of these new acquisitions, vitamin D deficiency may represent a global health problem that has been underestimated for many years.Among all the autoimmune diseases which show an association with vitamin D deficiency and disease progression, we will focus on autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). Indeed, vitamin D deficiency modulates both Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD). In several studies, the association between vitamin D and AITD was assessed analyzing various serological parameters, such as serum 25(OH)D levels, serum calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and antithyroid antibody levels. HT patients had significantly lower 25(OH)D values than healthy controls (p = 0.001), and low levels of serum 25(OH)D were also correlated with disease duration, thyroid volume, and antibody levels [2]. The association between vitamin D deficiency and antithyroid antibodies was reported for the first time by Kivity et al. [3], who studied a cohort of 92 patients with thyroid disorders, collected in a Hungarian endocrinology clinic. Antithyroid peroxidase (TPOAb) and antithyroglobulin (TgAb) antibodies were significantly more common in patients with vitamin D deficiency than in those with normal vitamin D levels. Hypovitaminosis D and thyroid autoimmunity were also described in a Chinese female population, where decreased TPOAb levels were associated with higher vitamin D levels. Interestingly, the correlation was found only in premenopausal women, but not in postmenopausal women or in men [4]. This result suggests a likely involvement of estrogens in modulating AITD. Moreover, the relationship between serum vitamin D status and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels was investigated. Vitamin D levels were found associated with low circulating TSH levels in middle-aged and elderly males, independently of T3 and T4 levels. Interestingly, serum TSH levels in women were higher than those of same-aged men, indicating that TSH secretion may be regulated by sex hormones [5].Vitamin D status was also evaluated in female GD patients, showing significant lower levels compared with controls and demonstrating an association between serum 25(OH)D levels and serum calcium and intact parathyroid hormone levels. Recently, Yasuda and coworkers found an

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Serum vitamin D levels are decreased and associated with thyroid volume in female patients with newly onset Graves’ disease

Cited by 98 publications

References 12 publications

Vitamin D deficiency in patients with Graves’ disease: probably something more than a casual association

Vitamin D deficiency in patients with Graves’ disease: probably something more than a casual association

Low Levels of Serum Vitamin D3 Are Associated with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease in Pre-Menopausal Women

Vitamin D and thyroid autoimmune diseases: the known and the obscure

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