Serum Zinc Ion Concentration Associated with Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Aim. Coronary heart disease is a major cause of mortality in developed and developing countries. Changes in the trace element concentration in the human body are one of the main reasons for the transition of the human body from a healthy to a diseased state. In this meta-analysis, we have studied the relationship between the reduction in serum zinc ion concentration and coronary heart disease. Methods. We used PubMed and Cochrane (as of June 30, 2021) databases for the literature search. Per the requirements of this systematic review, case-control studies involving serum zinc ion concentration and coronary heart disease were searched, and the quality of the included studies was evaluated before the meta-analysis. Results. A total of 3,981 cases were found across seven articles. The standard mean deviation (SMD) of serum zinc ion concentration was −0.22 [−0.28, −0.15], z = 6.52, and P < 0.05 indicated that the difference was statistically significant. The forest plot results show that I2 = 34% < 50%, and the Q test showed P = 0.17 > 0.1 . These results suggest a lack of heterogeneity among the selected articles. Results from the funnel chart indicated that this study was free from publication bias. Conclusion. The results of this meta-analysis reveal that a decrease in serum zinc ion concentration is related to the occurrence of coronary heart disease. Clinically, monitoring the serum zinc ion levels is proven to be of great significance for patients with coronary heart disease.

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“…Zinc plays an essential role in the catalytic function and structure of over 70 enzymes, acting in the metabolism of different proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, gene regulation, neurotransmission, and the structure of chromatin [1,10,27]. Zinc exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects [27] via the modulation of oxidation damage as zinc ions displace iron and copper from oxidation-vulnerable sites in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol particles, liposomes, and red blood cell membranes [28,29]. A decrease in the serum zinc ion concentration causes the dysfunction of the cell-mediated immune response [10] and enhances oxidative stress-related signaling processes in the endothelium.…”

“…A zinc imbalance may influence the maintenance of endothelial cell integrity [30]. Zinc deficiency was associated with the occurrence of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease [27]. Oxidative-stress-related factors are activated during the inflammatory response in the background of the development and progression of atherosclerosis.…”

Coordination chemistry suggests that independently observed benefits of metformin and Zn2+ against COVID-19 are not independent

“…Skin inflammation is not caused by deficiency of other endogenous metals. Importantly, epidemiology now indicates that Zn 2+ deficiency is associated with cardiomyopathies in the absence of infections (Braun et al 2018 ; Yoshihisa et al 2018 ; Yu 2018 ; Rosenblum et al 2020 ; Hara et al 2023 ; Meng et al 2022 ; Kwon et al 2023 ; Ozyildirim and Baltaci 2023 and others). COVID-19 can cause inflammatory cardiomyopathy (Gasecka et al 2021 , Sidik 2022 , Sewanan et al 2023 ).…”