“…The first approach is based on early warning models of banking crises or the buildup of macroeconomic vulnerabilities; see, for example, Behn et al (2013), Anundsen et al (2016), Brave andLopez (2019), andTölö, Laakkonen, andKalatie (2018). The rationale is that indicators that perform well as an early warning signal are better suited to signal the need for the buffer as well as its release before a banking crisis occurs.…”