Setting management limits for the production and utilization of herbage for out‐of‐season grazing

Abstract

Three experiments were carried out on perennial ryegrass‐dominant swards to provide a basis for recommendations for the limits to (a) building up and timing of utilization of a herbage ‘bank’ for out‐of‐season grazing and (b) duration and intensity of early spring grazing in the United Kingdom and Ireland. In experiment 1, the effect of regrowth interval (from 7 September, 20 October, 17 November or 15 December) in autumn on herbage accumulation, leaf turnover and on subsequent spring growth was investigated. Swards regrown from early September reached maximum herbage mass (about 3 t ha–1 DM) and leaf lamina content in mid‐November, by which time senescence rate exceeded rate of production of new leaves. New leaf production and senescence rates were greater in swards remaining uncut until December than in those cut in October or November. Time of defoliation up to December had no effect on spring herbage mass in the subsequent spring. Defoliating in March reduced herbage mass in late May by less than 20%. Experiment 2 investigated the progress in herbage growth and senescence in swards regrowing from different times in late summer and autumn to produce herbage for utilization beyond the normal grazing season. Treatments in a randomized block design with three replicates were regrowths from 19 July, 8 August, 30 August and 20 September. Based on a lower ceiling of leaf and total herbage mass being reached with progressively later regrowths, beyond which leaf senescence generally exceeded leaf production and herbage mass declined, it was concluded that currently recommended rotation lengths for this period should extend from 3 weeks in late July to 8 weeks for swards previously grazed in mid‐September. In both experiments, leaf senescence commenced earlier (by one leaf‐age category) than previously published estimates and so brought forward the time at which senescence rates balanced leaf growth rates. In experiment 3, designed to evaluate the effect of daily grazing period and intensity in early spring on herbage regrowth, dairy cows grazed successive plots (replicates) for 2 or 4 h each day at two intensities (target residual heights of 5 or 7 cm) in March to mid‐April. Regrowth rate was similar in all treatments including the ungrazed control, despite soil moisture content being relatively high on occasions. Tiller density was significantly reduced in May by grazing plots in early or mid‐April. It is concluded that in autumn there are limits to which rotation lengths should be extended to produce herbage for out‐of‐season grazing owing to attainment of ceiling yields. Although utilization in early spring may reduce herbage availability in spring, out‐of‐season utilization need not reduce herbage growth rates in early spring.

Factors influencing tissue turnover during winter in perennial ryegrass‐dominated swards

“…It is concluded that in the south of Ireland to achieve a given herbage mass and quality at a given point in winter, date of closing should be later in autumn than would be required in the north‐east of Ireland. The recommendations from the data at the Grange site, suggesting a 2‐month interval between closing in mid‐September for utilization 8 weeks later and resulting in about 2 t DM ha −1 above 4 cm at this time agrees with the findings of Laidlaw and Mayne (2000) from a field study carried out about 120 km further north. Although trends in response to closing date and temperature were similar between the two sites in this study, they were quantitatively different and deficiencies are exposed in the information generally available to predict the herbage mass and quality of herbage for utilization at given times throughout the winter.…”

“…The data presented here help to determine the limit to which herbage accumulated for winter grazing can remain unutilized when the sward is closed from grazing at a range of dates in autumn. A maximum of 8 weeks after closing in September agrees with conclusions reached by Laidlaw and Mayne (2000) for a similar environment.…”

The effect of stocking rate on soil solution nitrate concentrations beneath a free-draining dairy production system in Ireland

“…Similar to both De Klein and Ledgard (2001) and Laidlaw and Mayne (2000), the combination of high N concentrations and increased ED during the autumn and early winter months within the current data are indicative of the increased risk of N loss during this period. Sprosen et al (2002) have also previously reported no significant SR effect on NO 3 − N losses from grazing swards in New Zealand and concluded that this was due to the lower grass DMI and an earlier end to lactation and removal of cull cows in high-SR treatments.…”

The effect of sowing date and nitrogen on the dry‐matter yield and nitrogen content of forage rape (Brassica napus L.) and stubble turnips (Brassica rapa L.) in Ireland

“…This is particularly evident over the winter period (December and January) when perennial ryegrass, the principal forage on Irish livestock farms, has growth and nutritional limitations for winter grazing (Brereton, 1995). Furthermore, the accumulation of large quantities of high‐quality herbage in Ireland is unlikely to be ascertained from regrowths subsequent to grazing in September (Laidlaw and Mayne, 2000). As a consequence, feed requirements exceed grass supply during the late autumn and winter period, hence providing inadequate herbage masses for winter grazing.…”