Settlement promoted, settlement contested: the Shcherbina Expedition of 1896–1903

Environment and Post-Soviet Transformation in Kazakhstan’s Aral Sea Region

“…5 Dua (2017) finds a similar contrast between livestock and the 'gifts of the sea' in the pastoral economy of Somalia. 6 See Campbell (2012), though he emphasises the ambivalent attitude of many of the agents of colonisation towards this vision. 7 In Lien's (2015) terms, salt acts as a 'time machine', extending the temporal and spatial reach of fish flesh.…”

Mobile pastoralism a century apart: continuity and change in south-eastern Kazakhstan, 1910 and 2012

“…To estimate available arable lands, numerous detailed inquiries were conducted during the Russian colonization of Central Asia (Materialy 1898(Materialy -1909Rumiantsev 2000Rumiantsev [1911; and their analysis in Dakhshleiger 1980;Tolybekov 1971;Masanov 1995;Campbell 2011). These studies show that the most common nomadic pattern among Kazakh pastoralists at the beginning of the twentieth century was what I call 'quasi-nomadism', in which the whole human group moves with the livestock but stays from three to six months in the qystau, (winter place), where there may be permanent buildings (wooden or adobe houses, barns or corrals).…”

Clans and Ploughs: Traditional Institutions and Production Decisions of Kazakhs under Russian Colonial Settlement

“… 2 The main objective of the expedition was calculating the so-called surplus land available for resettlement into the Kazakh steppes (see a detailed analysis by Holquist 2010). The expedition put enormous effort in ensuring high-quality data collection; moreover, its members deeply believed in the possibility of peasant settlements that would not harm Kazakhs (see Campbell 2011 for a discussion). …”