Settlement Relocation, Urban Construction, and Social Transformation in China’s Central Plain, 2300–1500 b.c

Abstract

Settlement relocation occurred repeatedly throughout global human history, often resulting in significant sociopolitical and economic changes. Historical records document the use of settlement relocation as a strategy for social engineering in China no later than the late Shang dynasty (1250-1046 B.C.). We employ placemaking theory to examine social changes associated with population movements to Taosi (2300-1900 B.C.) and Erlitou (1750-1520 B.C.) and the processes of urban construction concomitant to the movements at each site. Furthermore, we employ structuration theory to interpret the process of political knowledge building as concerns settlement relocation and social engineering. Based on our assessment of settlement histories, divisions of space, burial patterns, and community formation, we conclude that the use of settlement relocation as political strategy was formulated during the Taosi and Erlitou eras, and that it was intentionally implemented for political reform by Phase II of Erlitou.

Human disturbances dominated the unprecedentedly high frequency of Yellow River flood over the last millennium

“…Human disturbances such as coal mining and copper smelting began to exert impacts on the system ( 24 , 25 ), resulting in two episodes of relatively high flood frequency. Fluvial floods clustering around 2000 BCE may have resulted from the 4.2-ka (thousand year) cold event ( 32 , 33 ), while those around 1100 BCE might be a key factor of frequent capital relocations in China’s Central Plain during the Shang Dynasty ( 34 ). The fourth phase (500 BCE to 2000 CE) represents a dominance of anthropogenic influences over climate on the system.…”