Setup of an Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction to Obtain High Phenolic Recovery in Crataegus monogyna Leaves

Abstract

Hawthorn leaves are a rich source of phenolic compounds that possess beneficial activities for human health. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) is an extraction technique frequently used for the isolation of phenolic compounds in plants. Thus, in this study, a Box–Behnken design was used to optimize UAE conditions such as the percentage of acetone, the extraction time and solvent-to-solid ratio (v/w) in order to obtain the maximum content of total compounds by Folin–Ciocalteu and the maximum in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays in Crataegus monogyna leaves. The optimum conditions to obtain the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activities were 50% acetone, 55 min and 1/1000 (w/v). A total of 30 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in C. monogyna leaf extract obtained at these optimum UAE conditions. HPLC-MS allows the identification and quantification of 19 phenolic compounds and NP-HPLC-FLD analyses showed the presence of 11 proanthocyanidins. According to the results, the most concentrated phenolic compounds in C. monogyna leaf extract obtained at optimum UAE conditions were phenolic acid derivatives such as protocatechuic acid-glucoside, dihydroxy benzoic acid pentoside and chlorogenic acid, flavones such as 2″-O-rhamnosyl-C-hexosyl-apigenin, flavonols such as hyperoside and isoquercetin and proanthocyanidins such as monomer and dimer. As a result, the optimized UAE conditions could be used to obtain an extract of C. monogyna leaves enriched with phenolic compounds.

Process Efficiency and Energy Consumption during the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Substances from Hawthorn Berries

“…Various techniques are currently in use, such as: maceration, Soxhlet extraction, supercritical extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pulsed electric field assisted extraction, and high pressure solvent extraction [15][16][17][18]. Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) has also been commonly applied [19][20][21][22].…”

Comprehensive Analysis of the Chemical and Bioactivity Profiles of Endemic Crataegus turcicus Dönmez in Comparison with Other Crataegus Species

“…In this study, the hydroalcoholic extract of C. orientalis, which had ≈314 mg total antioxidant content per g showed three times more potent antioxidant effects compared to the methanolic extract in the previous study. Martín-Garcia et al [ 36 ] investigated the DPPH radical scavenging activity of 15 different extracts prepared by varying the acetone–water ratio of C. monogyna leaves extract. The values they found ranged from ≈38 to 101 mg TE/g extract.…”

Evaluation of Phenolic Compounds and Pigments Content in Yellow Bell Pepper Wastes

“…Each experiment was carried out in duplicate. The independent variables were time (5,45, and 85 min), ratio ethanol/water (0, 50, and 100% v/v), and ratio solvent/sample (10, 105, and 200 v/w) and the dependent variable considered the total phenolic content measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. It was adjusted to a second-order polynomial model equation and ANOVA was performed to evaluate the adjustment of the model.…”

“…Furthermore, recently, there has been an increment in the demand for extracting techniques that reduce extraction times and consumption of organic solvents. Therefore, among other extraction methods, ultrasound-assisted extraction is considered an excellent green alternative that has been widely used for the extraction of phenolic compounds in other matrices [4,5]. Some authors have reported using ultrasound technology in pepper matrices but with different approaches such as for extracting hydroxy-sanshool compounds [6], capsaicinoids [7][8][9][10][11][12], capsinoids [13], β-cyclodextrin [14], minerals (Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn) [15], oils [16], oleoresin [17], or alkenylbenzenes [18], or with other uses such as for removing the residual solvent from fragrant oils [19] or for improving drying kinetics [20][21][22].…”