“…Uncertainties involved in quantifying pile set-up were examined by Lim (2014), who found that all case histories (including some recently published results by Axtell et al, 2004;Erbland & McGillivray, 2004;Kolk et al, 2005;Shek et al, 2006;Kuo et al, 2007;Lee et al, 2010) suffered from at least one (and often many) of the following limitations (a) intrinsic limitations of assessing pile static capacity and, in particular, shaft capacity from dynamic load tests (DLTs) (b) inclusion of (undesired) short-term effects by taking the measurements at the end of initial driving (EOID) as the reference capacity (c) indefinite reference time at the EOID (d ) disruption of set-up behaviour due to various multiple restrikes in DLTs (e) under-mobilisation of ultimate pile capacity in DLTs and in static load tests (SLTs) ( f ) deficiencies in wave equation analyses including those associated with the superposition technique employed for large and long piles (g) inference of ageing from a combination of DLTs and SLTs (h) inference of shaft friction from un-instrumented piles loaded statically in compression (i) disruption of set-up potential due to tension re-tests in SLTs ( j) combining trends from tension and compression SLTs performed at different ageing periods.…”