Seven years in the life of Hypergiants' off-nets

Gigis, Petros; Calder, Matt; Manassakis, Lefteris; Nomikos, George G.; Kotronis, Vasileios; Dimitropoulos, Xenofontas; Katz-Bassett, Ethan; Smaragdakis, Georgios

doi:10.1145/3452296.3472928

Cited by 45 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…In terms of benefits, CDIs replicate and cache the content at multiple points-of-presence worldwide [40], often close to the edge and with direct peering agreements (between the CDI and the users' access networks), which pushes flattening of the Internet topology [11,31,43,72]. These deployments can result in lower page loading times for the end user due to shorter content delivery paths (cf.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to identify the use of these CDIs in the measurement data, we apply a methodology that considers (1) DNS redirection through CNAME records and (2) the content location based on the announcing AS. In this way, we also account for cases in which a CDI redirects the client to the closest content replica through a CNAME record, which can point to an ISP content cache for instance, and would therefore be mapped to the ASN of the ISP instead of that of the CDI [29,43,77]. If a CNAME record matches a regular expression, the second step, which applies ASN-based identification is not applied.…”

Section: Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They find that hyper giants further leverage the IXP ecosystem to achieve global reachability in terms of the IP address space. The vast expansion of these hyper giants in recent years is shown by Gigis et al [43], who find that the hyper giants' off-nets have tripled from 2013 to 2021, and thus, are able to reach large numbers of end users. Similarly, Todd et al [11] study the AS-level topology of the Internet, finding that large cloud providers increasingly contribute to the flattening of the Internet.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Empirical View on Consolidation of the Web

Doan

Rijswijk-Deij

Hohlfeld

et al. 2022

ACM Trans. Internet Technol.

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The majority of Web content is delivered by only a few companies that provide Content Delivery Infrastructuress (CDIss) such as Content Delivery Networkss (CDNss) and cloud hosts. Due to increasing concerns about trends of centralization, empirical studies on the extent and implications of resulting Internet consolidation are necessary. Thus, we present an empirical view on consolidation of the Web by leveraging datasets from two different measurement platforms. We first analyze Web consolidation around CDIs at the level of landing webpages, before narrowing down the analysis to a level of embedded page resources. The datasets cover 1(a) longitudinal measurements of DNS records for 166.5 M Web domains over five years, 1(b) measurements of DNS records for Alexa Top 1 M over a month and (2) measurements of page loads and renders for 4.3 M webpages, which include data on 392.3 M requested resources. We then define CDIs penetration as the ratio of CDI-hosted objects to all measured objects, which we use to quantify consolidation around CDIs. We observe that CDI penetration has close to doubled since 2015, reaching a lower bound of 15% for all .com , .net , and .org Web domains as of January 2020. Overall, we find a set of six CDIss to deliver the majority of content across all datasets, with these six CDIss being responsible for more than 80% of all 221.9 M CDI-delivered resources (56.6% of all resources in total). We find high dependencies of Web content on a small group of CDIss, in particular, for fonts, ads, and trackers, as well as JavaScript resources such as jQuery. We further observe CDIss to play important roles in rolling out IPv6 and TLS 1.3 support. Overall, these observations indicate a potential oligopoly, which brings both benefits but also risks to the future of the Web.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Empirical View on Consolidation of the Web

Doan

Rijswijk-Deij

Hohlfeld

et al. 2022

ACM Trans. Internet Technol.

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“…They are typically deployed by entities other than ISPs and provide a means for service differentiations that do not violate network neutrality regulations (Stocker et al, 2017(Stocker et al, , 2020. The majority of Internet traffic is already delivered via third-party CDNs like Akamai or Cloudflare or the distributed serving infrastructures of large CPs like Google, Netflix or Facebook that have strongly expanded their footprints of servers deployed within ISP networks in recent years (Gigis et al, 2021;Labovitz, 2019Labovitz, , 2020. 12 In addition to these developments, the emergence of 5G and beyond mobile broadband access networks emphasizes the future role of applications and use cases that vary considerably in their networking demands.…”

Section: Table 3 (Continued)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Net neutrality and high-speed broadband networks: evidence from OECD countries

et al. 2022

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Network neutrality regulations are intended to preserve the Internet as a non-discriminatory, public network and an open platform for innovation. Whereas the U.S. reversed its regulations in 2017, returning to a less strict regime, the EU has maintained its course and recently revised implementation guidelines for its strict and rather interventionist net neutrality regulations. To this day, there exist only a few empirical investigations on the impact of network neutrality regulations, based on rather broad measures of investment activities for individual countries. Our paper provides the first estimation results on the causal impact of net neutrality regulations on new high-speed (fiber-optic cable-based) infrastructure investment by Internet service providers. We use a comprehensive and most recent OECD panel data set for 32 countries for the period from 2000 to 2021 covering the entire high-speed broadband network deployment period. We employ various panel estimation techniques, including instrumental variables estimation. Our empirical analysis is based on theoretical underpinnings derived from a simplified model in a two-sided market framework. We find empirical evidence that net neutrality regulations exert a significant and strong negative impact on fiber investments. Our results suggest that, while we cannot provide evidence on the overall welfare consequences of net neutrality, imposing strict net neutrality regulations clearly slow down the deployment of new fiber-based broadband connections.

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“…Previous studies [3], [4] demonstrated that DPI improved the accuracy. However, many recent communication flows are encrypted [5] with the transport layer security (TLS) protocol. Identification methods cannot analyze almost all the packet payloads that are encrypted by TLS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Service Identification of TLS Flows Based on Handshake Analysis

Asaoka

Soma

Yamauchi

et al. 2023

Journal of Information Processing

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Identification of services constituting traffic from given IP network flows is important for many purposes such as management of quality of service, prevention of security problems, and providing a discounting service for customers only in accessing specified services like zero-rating service. The simplest methods for identifying these services are identifications based on IP addresses and port numbers. However, such methods are not sufficiently accurate and thus require improvement. Deep packet inspection (DPI) is an advanced method for improving the accuracy of identification. Many current IP flows are encrypted with the transport layer security (TLS) protocol. Therefore, an identification method cannot analyze almost all the data encrypted by TLS. In the cases of TLS 1.2 or less, some fields, e.g. server name indication (SNI), in the protocol header for the TLS session establishment are not encrypted and then can be analyzed. Thus, we can expect that the service can be identified from IP flows, which are composed of TLS sessions, by analyzing these fields. For achieving this, two challenges are mainly required. One is grouping TLS sessions by accesses from many TLS sessions that pass through a network element. The other is the identification of service from TLS sessions grouped in the first challenge. In our work, we mainly focus on the second theme, i.e., service identification from given TLS sessions. In our previous work, we proposed a method for identification by analyzing these non-encrypted data based on DPI and n-gram. However, there is room for improvement in identification accuracy because this method analyzed all the non-encrypted data including random values without protocol analysis. In this paper, we propose a new method for identifying the service from given TLS sessions based on SNI with protocol data unit (PDU) analysis. The proposed method clusters TLS sessions according to the value of SNI and identifies services from the occurrences of all groups. We evaluated the proposed method by identifying services on Google, Yahoo, and MSN sites, and the results showed that the proposed method could identify services more accurately than the existing method. The average ratios of inaccurate identifications were decreased by 65%, 72%, and 41% in our experiments of Google, Yahoo, and MSN services, respectively.

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Seven years in the life of Hypergiants' off-nets

Cited by 45 publications

References 58 publications

An Empirical View on Consolidation of the Web

An Empirical View on Consolidation of the Web

Net neutrality and high-speed broadband networks: evidence from OECD countries

Service Identification of TLS Flows Based on Handshake Analysis

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