Seventeen Motorcycle Crash Tests into Vehicles and a Barrier

Adamson, Kelley S.; Alexander, Peter; Robinson, Ed L.; Johnson, Gary M.; Burkhead, Claude I.; McManus, John; Anderson, Gregory C.; Aronberg, Ralph; Kinney, J. Rolly; Sallmann, David W.

doi:10.4271/2002-01-0551

Cited by 16 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…While previous studies have investigated motorcycle impacts into vehicles and fixed barriers, the underlying motivation of such studies was to determine crush characteristics of the vehicles for accident reconstruction purposes [45]. Other studies have evaluated peak linear accelerations of the head, chest and pelvis of motorcyclists in collisions [46].…”

Section: Subdural Hematomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical Evaluation of Motorcycle Helmets: Protection against Head and Brain Injuries

Lloyd¹

2017

Forensic Biomechanics

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Motorcycle accident victims worldwide account for more than 340,000 fatalities annually, with the Unites States ranking 8th highest in number of motorcycle accident deaths, largely due to non-mandatory motorcycle helmet requirements for adults in a number of States. Seventy-five percent of all fatal motorcycle accidents involve head and brain injury, with rotational forces acting on the brain the primary cause of mortality. Current motorcycle helmets are reasonably effective at reducing head injuries associated with blunt impact. However, the mechanism of traumatic brain injury is biomechanically very different from that associated with focal head injury. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of current motorcycle helmets at reducing the risk of traumatic brain injuries.Ten motorcycle helmet designs, including full-face, three-quarter and half-helmets were evaluated at an average impact velocity of 8.3 ms -1 (18.5 mph) using a validated test apparatus outfitted with a crash test dummy head and neck. Sensors at the center of mass of the headform enabled high-speed data acquisition of linear and angular head kinematics associated with impact.Results indicate that none of the standard helmet models tested provides adequate protection against concussion and severe traumatic brain injuries at moderate impact speeds. Only one of the standard motorcycle helmet models tested provided adequate protection against skull fracture.A new motorcycle helmet prototype, incorporating a liner constructed from a composite matrix of rate-dependent materials was tested, with comparison to standard motorcycle helmet designs, with very promising results. Knowledge learned from this study will facilitate the development of a new generation of advanced motorcycle helmets that offer improved protection against both head and brain injuries.

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Section: Subdural Hematomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical Evaluation of Motorcycle Helmets: Protection against Head and Brain Injuries

Lloyd¹

2017

Forensic Biomechanics

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“…The issue of a motorcycle hitting the side of the car was shown in an interesting way in papers [1][2][3]. These studies provide a good basis for analysing the course of an impact of a motorcycle striking the side of a car.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental research aimed at determining the force and energy of the impact of motorcyclist’s head against a motor car side during a road accident

Pusty¹,

Prochowski²,

Gidlewski³

2018

Int. J. SAFE

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The paper covers both experimental tests and analytical calculations. The calculations were based on a frame-by-frame analysis of a video record of the experiment and on results of measurements of the motorcyclist, motorcycle, and car acceleration vector components. They enabled determining the forces that acted in the areas of contact between the motorcycle and motorcyclist with the vehicle during the collision.A few experiments were carried out, which included the physical reconstruction of a road accident where a motorcyclist frontally hit a motor car side and the related laboratory examinations of motorcycle helmets and helmet liner materials. Based on the experimental test results, the position and velocity of motorcyclist's head in relation to his/her torso and to the car side in the initial phase of the accident were determined. The forces developing in the area of motorcyclist's head impact against the car side caused deformation of car body, helmet shell, and inner helmet material. The analysis covered an impact capable to result in a situation where the car body reaction force applied to the helmet might cause the energy-absorbing liner and comfort padding of the helmet to be deformed to such an extent that the said force would directly act on motorcyclist's head.The tests carried out revealed what part of the kinetic energy of motorcyclist's body, dissipated during an accident, depended on the course of deformation of vehicle body (in the place struck by motorcyclist's head) and helmet and on the type of helmet liner material. An important outcome of the experimental research and computations is the evaluation of the effectiveness of helmet materials and their suitability for the protection of motorcyclist's head during a road accident.

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“…A thorough analysis is the starting point for investigating accident phenomena and for mitigating their consequences. In recent years, the scientific community has studied models and correlations to improve accident reconstruction [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] and comprehension (in terms of the kinematics, the human behaviour and the risk factors inherent in infrastructures and their interactions with the driver and the vehicle). In the majority of road accidents, typical phases can be identified which are addressed separately in the reconstruction: pre-impact, impact and post-impact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deceleration of sliding motorcycles (mainly scooters) in accident reconstructions

Cialdai

Vangi

Virga

2017

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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This paper presents an analysis of the situation in which a two-wheeler (i.e. a motorcycle, where the term motorcycles includes scooters) falls over to the side and then successively slides; this typically occurs in road accidents involving this type of vehicle. Knowing the deceleration rate of the sliding phase allows the kinetic energy dissipated and the speed of the motorcycle just before the fall to the ground to be calculated. These parameters are very important in the analysis and reconstruction of accidents. The work presented in this paper was developed in two experimental test sessions on fully faired motorcycles which are mainly of the scooter type and widely used in urban areas. In the first session, sliding tests were carried out, with the speed in the range 10-50 km/h, on three different types of road surface. Analysis of the evidence allowed the dissipative main phases of motion of the motorcycle (the impact with the ground, the rebounds and the stabilized swiping) to be identified and some factors affecting the phenomenon to be studied. The coefficient of average deceleration was calculated using two typical equations. The second test session consisted of drag tests. In these tests, the motorcycle, which had previously laid on its side, was dragged for a few metres at a constant speed of about 20 km/h, while the drag force was measured. A comparison of the results obtained in these tests with those obtained in the sliding tests yielded very good agreement in the coefficients of deceleration.

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Seventeen Motorcycle Crash Tests into Vehicles and a Barrier

Cited by 16 publications

References 1 publication

Biomechanical Evaluation of Motorcycle Helmets: Protection against Head and Brain Injuries

Biomechanical Evaluation of Motorcycle Helmets: Protection against Head and Brain Injuries

Experimental research aimed at determining the force and energy of the impact of motorcyclist’s head against a motor car side during a road accident

Deceleration of sliding motorcycles (mainly scooters) in accident reconstructions

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