Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and thyroid disease. An update

Brix, Thomas Heiberg

doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000654

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…The principal unmet needs identified were more remote access to thyroid specialists, psychological support and support for body weight control, as well as, explanations of the scientific evidence (relating to SARS‐COV‐2 and thyroid diseases) ‘in plain English’. The latter can be now documented and supported by scientific evidence, as specific studies of thyroid disease and COVID have emerged since the beginning of pandemic 8,9 . On the other hand, the reported rate of weight gain (53.1%) by responders indeed suggests a need for interventions that could have helped weight control during the pandemic, but also underscores the importance of weight‐control related measures that should be put in place for a potential expansion of the obesity pandemic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Views expressed from professional thyroid organizations and the susceptibility of thyroid patients to SARS‐COV‐2 at the outset of the pandemic were generally reassuring, but some indicated a degree of caution in the absence of data and thyroid patients were encouraged to follow advice from governmental agencies 6,7 . Studies have since found that thyroid patients are indeed not at higher risk of contracting SARS‐COV‐2, and that their prognosis does not seem to differ from the background population when adjusted for preexisting other morbidities 8,9 . On the other hand, accumulating evidence suggests that thyroid dysfunction, especially thyrotoxicosis due to destructive thyroiditis, is present in a significant percentage of patients infected by SARS‐COV‐2 and correlates with the clinical severity of the illness 10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A survey on the psychological impact and access to health care of thyroid patients during the first SARS‐COV‐2 lockdown

Pavlatou

Žarković

Priestley

et al. 2021

Clinical Endocrinology

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Objective Information on the impact of SARS‐COV‐2 on the daily life of thyroid patients during lockdown is sparse. The main objective was explorative, focusing on how SARS‐COV‐2 affected thyroid patients. Design Cross‐sectional, questionnaire‐based, using an online platform. Patients Patients >18 years with a history of thyroid disease. Measurements Demographic data, psychological impact of SARS‐COV‐2, medical care during the pandemic. Results Valid responses were received from 609 responders. The median age was 50 years, 94% were female and 98.5% were UK residents. The commonest diagnosis was primary hypothyroidism (52.2%). Negative psychological effects following the lockdown were reported by 45.6%–58.7%. Cancellations of appointments with thyroid specialists were reported by 43.8%, although cancellations of thyroid investigations and treatments were relatively infrequent (12.9%–14.1%). Overall satisfaction rates for thyroid services were low (satisfaction score 40.1–42.8 out of 100), but nearly 80% were satisfied with remote consultations. Responder ratings of online information sources about SARS‐COV‐2 and thyroid diseases were lowest for government sites. Unmet needs during lockdown were: more remote access to thyroid specialists, more online information in ‘plain English’, and psychological support. In multivariate analyses, younger age, female gender, history of depression, hyperthyroidism, not having contracted SARS‐COV‐2 and multiple comorbidities were risk factors for a negative psychological impact of lockdown. Conclusions This survey identified a significant negative impact of SARS‐COV‐2 and lockdown on psychological wellbeing, particularly in some groups of patients defined by demographic factors, history of hyperthyroidism and comorbidities. Low satisfaction with healthcare services among thyroid patients was noted, but remote consultations were rated favourably.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey on the psychological impact and access to health care of thyroid patients during the first SARS‐COV‐2 lockdown

Pavlatou

Žarković

Priestley

et al. 2021

Clinical Endocrinology

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“…The risk of COVID-19 in patients with thyroid diseases has been suggested [6,7]. First, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors are known to play a role in the entry of SARS-CoV-2 [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Previous Thyroid Disease on the Susceptibility to, Morbidity of, and Mortality Due to COVID-19: A Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea

Kim

Yoo

Min

et al. 2021

JCM

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This study aimed to investigate the associations of the susceptibility to, morbidity of, and mortality due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with thyroid diseases. Korea National Health Insurance Database Coronavirus disease 2019 (NHID-COVID-19) medical claim code data from 2015 to 2020 were analyzed. A total of 8070 COVID-19 patients and 32,280 matched control participants were evaluated for histories of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease, thyroiditis, and autoimmune thyroiditis. The relationships of susceptibility to, morbidity of, and mortality due to COVID-19 with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease, thyroiditis, and autoimmune thyroiditis were analyzed using a conditional logistic regression. Hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease, thyroiditis, and autoimmune thyroiditis were not associated with susceptibility to, morbidity of, or mortality due to COVID-19. Graves’ disease was related to higher odds of mortality due to COVID-19 in the adjusted model but the confidence interval (CI) was wide, probably due to the small number of deaths among patients with Graves’ disease (aOR = 11.43, 95% CI = 1.29–101.22, p = 0.029). Previous histories of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease, thyroiditis, and autoimmune thyroiditis were not related to susceptibility to COVID-19. In addition, prior histories of thyroid diseases were not related to increased risks of COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality.

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“…In a meta‐analysis investigating the effect of thyroid disease on the course of COVID‐19, they found a 148% increased risk of having a severe course of the disease, compared with people with no thyroid disease 41 . On the other hand, a study by Brix et al did not confirm an independent association between thyroid dysfunction and COVID‐19 42 . Hypothyroid patients have also been found to have a higher risk of developing a urinary tract infection after a Urodynamic Study 17,39 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Thyroid function and risk of bloodstream infections: Results from the Norwegian prospective population‐based HUNT Study

Thorkildsen¹,

Mohus

Åsvold

et al. 2021

Clinical Endocrinology

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Objective Previous studies on thyroid function and risk of infection is conflicting and often stem from intensive care cohorts were nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) may be present. The objective of this study was to identify the risk of bloodstream infections (BSI) and BSI‐related mortality with thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) levels within the reference range in a general population. Design Prospective follow‐up. Participants The HUNT2 (1995‐97) included 34,619 participants with information on TSH levels. Measurements Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) confirmed BSIs and BSI‐related mortality until 2011. Results During a median follow‐up of 14.5 years, 1179 experienced at least one episode of BSI and 208 died within 30 days after a BSI. TSH levels within the reference range of 0.5–4.5 mU/L were not associated with the risk of first‐time BSI, with an HR of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.90–1.04) per mU/L. Stratified by baseline age < or ≥65 years, TSH was inversely associated with the risk of BSI (HR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.78–1.00 per mU/L) in the youngest age group only. Persons with any baseline thyroid disease had a 30% risk and the hyperthyroid subgroup a 57%, and hypothyroidism a 20% increased risk of BSI. TSH levels were not clearly associated with BSI mortality, but the HRs were imprecise due to few BSI‐related deaths. Conclusion There was some evidence of a weak inverse association between TSH levels and the risk of BSI in persons below 65 years of age. The increased risk seen in persons with thyroid illness is probably explained by confounding by concurrent ill health.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and thyroid disease. An update

Cited by 9 publications

References 63 publications

A survey on the psychological impact and access to health care of thyroid patients during the first SARS‐COV‐2 lockdown

A survey on the psychological impact and access to health care of thyroid patients during the first SARS‐COV‐2 lockdown

The Effects of Previous Thyroid Disease on the Susceptibility to, Morbidity of, and Mortality Due to COVID-19: A Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea

Thyroid function and risk of bloodstream infections: Results from the Norwegian prospective population‐based HUNT Study

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