Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): From causes to preventions in Hong Kong

Law, Siukan; Leung, Albert Wingnang; Xu, Chuanshan

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.059

Cited by 132 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…3,8 The virus may cause severe infections resulting in septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute cardiac or kidney injury, multi-organ failure, and death. [1][2][3][4]9 Adults and children usually develop mild selflimiting disease, whereas more severe COVID-19 cases were observed in the elderly or in people of all ages with underlying medical conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, cancer, and diabetes. 3,8 COVID-19 is mainly transmitted from person to person via sneezing or cough-induced respiratory droplets from the mouth or nose of infected persons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attitudes, Anxiety, and Behavioral Practices Regarding COVID-19 among University Students in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Olaimat

Aolymat

Elsahoryi

et al. 2020

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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The COVID-19 pandemic represents a major public health, economic, political, and scientific concern in most countries around the globe where COVID-19 cases and deaths have been confirmed. This study assessed the attitudes, anxiety, and behavioral practices of university students in Jordan regarding COVID-19 during the early period of the infection (March 19-21, 2020) using a validated, self-administered survey questionnaire. Positive attitudes or low-risk practices were given 1 point, whereas negative attitudes or high-risk practices were scored 0. Percentages of the total score were used for categorizing data into negative attitudes or high-risk practices (£ 60%), moderate attitudes or moderate-risk practices (60.01-80%), and positive attitudes or low-risk practices (> 80%). Generally, the university students displayed positive attitudes and low-risk practices toward preventing COVID-19, with an average score of 81.1% and 84.3%, respectively. Approximately two-thirds (69.1%) of the students showed a positive attitude toward COVID-19 seriousness, concern of contracting the virus, and the appropriate prevention measures, and low-risk practices (67.6%) toward preventing COVID-19 including implementation of social distancing and good hygiene. Female, older, medical, or postgraduate students practiced significantly more (P £ 0.05) appropriate hygiene and social distancing behaviors toward COVID-19 than their counterparts of each group. More than two-thirds (69.2%) of the students were anxious that they might become infected with COVID-19. These results are important for health authorities to develop appropriate educational programs and protective health measures including good respiratory etiquette and handwashing practices, to enhance safer lifestyles and prevent COVID-19 transmission.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attitudes, Anxiety, and Behavioral Practices Regarding COVID-19 among University Students in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Olaimat

Aolymat

Elsahoryi

et al. 2020

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…The average incubation period of COVID-19 can be up to five days and the period of quarantine is 14 days starting from the last exposure date. Compared with other similar types of coronaviruses, the average time of the incubation period for COVID-19 is the longest; however, this remains argumentative because the longest incubation period for COVID-19 could be 27 days or even above [40]. Also, the origin of COVID-19 has been questionable.…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 and Covid-19 Basic Factsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In addition, pets and zoo animals have tested positive with low levels of SARS-CoV-2 from oral and nasal cavity. For example, in one instance, a patient's dog tested positive around the nasal and oral cavity and showed mild symptoms [40]. In other cases, two tigers and lions from the New York City, USA Zoo also tested positive around the oral and nasal cavities.…”

Section: Transmission and Spread Of Sars-cov-2 And Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Compared with Other Viral Diseases: Novelties, Progress, and Challenges

Wang

Alexander

2020

Electron J Gen Med

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COVID-19 is a newly discovered, highly infectious disease and has rapidly spread into at least 213 countries as a pandemic. This paper is a comprehensive review article of COVID-19 and four other viral diseases, including influenza, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Ebola virus disease (EVD). The cause of COVID-19 is the novel coronavirus-SARS-CoV-2. The transmission of COVID-19 is complex and rapid; therefore, it is difficult to control the spread of the disease. Certified specific antiviral drugs are slowly becoming available for COVID-19, although a few treatments such as Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, dexamethasone, and therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) have been found somewhat effective. Effective vaccines are still in the process of development and several countries, including the USA are conducting Phase 3 trials currently to fast-track the vaccines. All these issues have created significant challenges in reducing the morbidity and mortality of this global infectious disease. COVID-19 has led to vast impacts on public health and the global economy. With economic shutdowns, social distancing, increased handwashing, and sanitizing have been first line therapies for mitigating the spread of COVID-19 and have created a new normal. COVID-19 is different from influenza and previous pandemic diseases, such as SARS, MERS, and EVD, but has some similarities to them. Influenza and these pandemic diseases are introduced in this paper as a comparison with COVID-19. The features of COVID-19, progress achieved in treatment, emerging technologies in testing and diagnosis, and current and future challenges are presented. Specifically, topics regarding COVID-19 in this paper cover basic facts, the questionable origin of COVID-19, testing and diagnosis, pharmaceutical treatment and comfort measures, strategies and management for fighting against COVID-19, and the emotional, psychological, and mental health impacts of shelter-in-place orders and quarantine of COVID-19.

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“…It could transmit to individuals via respiratory droplets formed when symptomatic patients cough and sneeze [15]. Depending on the severity of infection, the infected individuals present symptoms including systemic disorders like dry cough, tiredness, headache, dyspnoea, lymphopenia and respiratory ailments like bilateral pneumonia, ground-glass opacity (GGO), sneezing and rhinorrhoea [16]. Certain patients are reported to have diarrhoea that could hint the effect of SARS-CoV-2 in the gastrointestinal tract and also increased transaminases and prothrombin times and reduced protein levels in blood indicating hepatic injury [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19: Potential Mechanism of Action Against SARS-CoV-2

et al. 2020

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Purpose of Review The rapid spread of virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has turned out to be a global emergency. Symptoms of this viral infection, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), include mild infections of the upper respiratory tract, viral pneumonia, respiratory failure, multiple organ failure and death. Till date, no drugs have been discovered to treat COVID-19 patients, and therefore, a considerable amount of interest has been shown in repurposing the existing drugs. Recent Findings Out of these drugs, chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have demonstrated positive results indicating a potential antiviral role against SARS-CoV-2. Its mechanism of action (MOA) includes the interference in the endocytic pathway, blockade of sialic acid receptors, restriction of pH mediated spike (S) protein cleavage at the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding site and prevention of cytokine storm. Unfortunately, its adverse effects like gastrointestinal complications, retinopathy and QT interval prolongation are evident in treated COVID-19 patients. Yet, multiple clinical trials have been employed in several countries to evaluate its ability in turning into a needed drug in this pandemic. Summary This review attempts to summarize the MOA of CQ/HCQ and its side effects. The existing literature hints that till date, the role of CQ/HCQ in COVID-19 may be sceptical, and further studies are warranted for obtaining a therapeutic option that could be effectively used across the world to rise out from this pandemic.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): From causes to preventions in Hong Kong

Cited by 132 publications

References 42 publications

Attitudes, Anxiety, and Behavioral Practices Regarding COVID-19 among University Students in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Attitudes, Anxiety, and Behavioral Practices Regarding COVID-19 among University Students in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study

COVID-19 Compared with Other Viral Diseases: Novelties, Progress, and Challenges

Hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19: Potential Mechanism of Action Against SARS-CoV-2

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