Severe disease in adult dairy cattle in three UK dairy herds associated with BVD virus infection

David, GP; Crawshaw, T. R.; Gunning, RF; Hibberd, RC; Lloyd, GM; Marsh, PR

doi:10.1136/vr.134.18.468

Cited by 62 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…Modified live vaccines provide better efficacy and immunogenicity at the expense of safety. Their use is contra-indicated in pregnant animals, as spread of virus to the foetus causing foetopathic effects can occur 1,3,5,[7][8][9]11,27 . Herd immunity to BVD is likely to decline over time, and long-term control of the disease should include a recommendation to vaccinate replacement heifers and cows annually 3 weeks before breeding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea antibodies in selected South African dairy herds, and control of the disease

Ferreira¹,

Lourens²,

Vuuren³

2000

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.

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The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) serologically positive animals in 18 dairy herds with clinical and pathological lesions suggestive of BVD infection, the post-vaccinal seroconversion rates in negative animals vaccinated twice with an inactivated BVD vaccine, and the control measures taken, are described. The pathological and histopathological findings in 6 necropsies performed on animals that died in 5 separate herds closely resembled published descriptions. Positive immunohistochemistry results in 3 cases confirmed the diagnosis in those animals. In 1 herd the prevalence of prevaccinal BVDantibodies was only 36.8 %, while the prevalence varied from 79.85 to 100 % in the remainder. Control measures taken included immunoprophylaxis with an inactivated vaccine, culling animals that were serologically negative after vaccination that were regarded as probably persistently infected (PI) and the implementation of additional biosecurity measures. The prevalence of serologically negative PI animals in 10 herds varied from 0.38 to 4.04 %, with 8 herds less than 1 %and 2 herds at 2.79 %and 4.04 %, respectively. Methods based on vaccinating the herd, followed by serological testing and culling cattle that did not develop an antibody titre, are not reliable. The identification of PI animals should be confirmed by isolation of the virus or identification of the antigen.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea antibodies in selected South African dairy herds, and control of the disease

Ferreira¹,

Lourens²,

Vuuren³

2000

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.

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“…3 During the last decade, an increased number of field cases of severe acute BVD in all age groups of cattle has been reported. 8,10,18,30 The BVDV isolates from these outbreaks in North America predominantly belong to BVDV 2. 8 Besides the highly virulent strains of BVDV 2, there also exist strains causing subclinical infections only.…”

Section: Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (Bvdv) Is a Pestivirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Viral Antigen and Development of Lesions after Experimental Infection of Calves with a BVDV 2 Strain of Low Virulence

Liebler-Tenorio

Ridpath²,

Neill³

2003

J VET Diagn Invest

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Abstract. To examine the virus-host interaction in subclinical bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections, the spread of a BVDV 2 strain of low virulence to different organs and the development of lesions were investigated. Eight colostrum-deprived, clinically healthy, 2-3-month-old calves were intranasally inoculated with 10 6 tissue culture infective dose of the naturally occurring BVDV 2 strain 28508-5 of low virulence, and 2 served as controls. Two calves each were euthanized at days 3, 6, 9, and 13 postinoculation (pi). Representative tissues were processed for histology and immunohistology. Signs of overt clinical disease were absent. However, a mild temperature elevation at days 7 or 8 pi and a moderate decrease of circulating lymphocytes occurred in all inoculated calves. The BVDV antigen was detected at day 3 pi in several lymphoid tissues. At day 6 pi, BVDV antigen was found widespread in lymphoid tissues and multifocally in intestinal epithelial cells but was associated with no or subtle lesions only. At day 9 pi, much less BVDV antigen was detectable, but there was severe depletion of lymphoid tissues. At day 13 pi, BVDV antigen had been cleared from most lymphoid tissues that were at variable phases of depletion and recovery. In conclusion, the BVDV strain of low virulence spread to lymphoid tissues and intestinal epithelial cells but was rapidly eliminated. Transient depletion of lymphoid tissues was followed by recovery. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a Pestivirusin the family Flaviviridae. 17 Infections with BVDV are widespread in cattle herds and cause severe economical losses in North America and Europe despite intense efforts to control or eradicate them. 19 On the basis of genomic differences in the 5ЈNTR region of BVDV, 2 species, BVDV 1 and BVDV 2, are currently differentiated. 4,17,33 The BVDV strains can grow in epithelial cell cultures with or without inducing a cytopathic (cp) effect, thus allowing further grouping in cp and noncytopathic (ncp) biotypes. 13,32 Infections with BVDV of both genotypes have been associated with a wide variety of clinical conditions including subclinical infection, reproductive failure, severe acute disease with or without hemorrhagic diathesis, and mucosal disease. 3 During the last decade, an increased number of field cases of severe acute BVD in all age groups of cattle has been reported. 8,10,18,30 The BVDV isolates from these outbreaks in North America predominantly belong to BVDV 2. 8 Besides the highly virulent strains of BVDV 2, there also exist strains causing subclinical infections only. 35 These strains might be even more important for the spread of BVDV because they may circulate undetected in a herd for an extended time period and may predispose to secondary infections or disease.Highly virulent isolates from field cases of severe acute BVD have been used to investigate the pathogenesis and pathology of acute BVD, 1,5,9,12,16,25,28,37 but there exists only 1 study using a BVDV 2 strain of low virulence. 27 It is still unclear how virus...

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“…11,22 Occasionally, scattered outbreaks of severe disease do occur. 1,19,20 The emergence of virulent viral strains in the USA 7,23 and reports of severe acute BVD in Great Britain in 1992 8 preceded the occurrence of widespread outbreaks of severe acute BVD in both Quebec 18 and Ontario (Canada) 4 …”

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confidence: 99%

Severe Acute Bovine Viral Diarrhea in Ontario, 1993–1995

et al. 1998

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Abstract. In 1993, noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strains with enhanced virulence caused unprecedented outbreaks of severe acute bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) in dairy, beef, and veal herds in Ontario (Canada). Fever, pneumonia, diarrhea, and sudden death occurred in all age groups of cattle. Abortions often occurred in pregnant animals. Gross lesions in the alimentary tract were similar to those associated with mucosal disease, especially in animals Ͼ6 months of age. Cattle of all age groups had microscopic lesions in the alimentary tract similar to those seen with mucosal disease. The epidemic peaked in the summer of 1993, with 15% of all bovine accessions from diseased cattle presented to the diagnostic laboratory being associated with BVDV. The virus strains involved in the outbreak were analyzed using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and the polymerase chain reaction. The virus isolates from these outbreaks of severe disease were determined to be type 2 BVDV. Type 2 BVDV has been present in Ontario at least since 1981 without causing widespread outbreaks of severe acute BVD, which suggests that type 2 designation in itself does not imply enhanced virulence. Cattle properly vaccinated with type 1 BVDV vaccines appear to be protected from clinical disease.

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Severe disease in adult dairy cattle in three UK dairy herds associated with BVD virus infection

Cited by 62 publications

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The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea antibodies in selected South African dairy herds, and control of the disease

The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea antibodies in selected South African dairy herds, and control of the disease

Distribution of Viral Antigen and Development of Lesions after Experimental Infection of Calves with a BVDV 2 Strain of Low Virulence

Severe Acute Bovine Viral Diarrhea in Ontario, 1993–1995

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