Severe Streptococcal Infections in Historical Perspective

Katz, Alan R.; Morens, David M.

doi:10.1093/clinids/14.1.298

Cited by 137 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…A recent, unexplained increase in severe streptococcal diseases in the USA and UK has been compared to the 1825-85 pandemic of fatal scarlet fever. Although scarlet fever may not be representative of all severe streptococcal diseases, it was the only one that was reliably identified in the 19th century [20]. These authors suggest that the 19th century data show that efforts to prevent severe streptococcal diseases should begin with a better characterization of the epidemiology of the disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dynamics of scarlet fever epidemics in England and Wales in the 19th century

Duncan

Duncan²,

Scott

1996

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYThere was a marked rise in scarlet fever mortality in England and Wales in the mid-nineteenth century and spectral analysis of the registration details, 1847-80, shows that the interepidemic interval was 5-6 years, but after 1880 the endemic level fell and the fatal epidemics disappeared. The dynamics of the scarlet fever epidemics can be represented by a linearized mathematical model and because the system is lightly damped, it could be driven by an oscillation in susceptibility. Epidemics were significantly correlated with dry conditions in spring/summer (P < 0-001), suggesting that these produced a low amplitude oscillation in susceptibility which drove the system. Epidemics also correlated (P < 0-001) with an oscillation in wheat prices but at a lag of 3 years, suggesting that malnutrition during pregnancy caused increased susceptibility in the subsequent children which interacted synergistically with seasonal dry conditions. Scarlet fever mortality was sharply reduced after 1880 in parallel with falling wheat prices suggesting that the remarkable period of high scarlet fever mortality (1840-80) was dependent on poor nutritive levels during that time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dynamics of scarlet fever epidemics in England and Wales in the 19th century

Duncan

Duncan²,

Scott

1996

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…Between 1840 and 1883, scarlet fever, caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, was one of the most common infectious causes of death among children in the United States. 2 Case fatality rates ranged from 15% to 30%. 2 As late as 1910, scarlet fever was cited as one of the top 4 causes of blindness, along with measles, meningitis, and "other diseases of the head."…”

Section: Scarlet Fever In the 19th Centurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Case fatality rates ranged from 15% to 30%. 2 As late as 1910, scarlet fever was cited as one of the top 4 causes of blindness, along with measles, meningitis, and "other diseases of the head." 3 For reasons that remain unclear, scarlet fever case fatality rates fell dramatically in the early 20th century, well before antibiotic treatment.…”

Section: Scarlet Fever In the 19th Centurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 For reasons that remain unclear, scarlet fever case fatality rates fell dramatically in the early 20th century, well before antibiotic treatment. 2,4 The mechanism for scarlet fever causing permanent blindness is uncertain. It is conceivable that it could be a postinfectious autoimmune phenomenon, such as optic neuritis.…”

Section: Scarlet Fever In the 19th Centurymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blindness in Walnut Grove: How Did Mary Ingalls Lose Her Sight?

et al. 2013

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“…15 Epidemics of both benign and fatal disease were reported, including an epidemic in the American Colonies in 1736, which resulted in the death of 4000 people. 15,16 In the 19th century, the lethality of GAS infection dramatically increased in both Europe and North America. Scarlet fever became the most common fatal infectious disease of childhood.…”

Section: History Of Gas Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe group a streptococcal infection and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome

Baxter

McChesney

2000

Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth

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Purpose: To review the literature on group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, (STSS). Data source: Medline and EMBASE searches were conducted using the key words group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, alone and in combination with anesthesia; and septic shock, combined with anesthesia. Medline was also searched using key words intravenous immunoglobulin, (IVIG) and group A streptococcus, (GAS); and group A streptococcus and antibiotic therapy. Other references were included in this review if they addressed the history, microbiology, pathophysiology, incidence, mortality, presentation and management of invasive GAS infections. Relevant references from the papers reviewed were also considered. Articles on the foregoing topics were included regardless of study design. Non-English language studies were excluded. Literature on the efficacy of IVIG and optimal antibiotic therapy was specifically searched. Principal findings: Reports of invasive GAS infections have recently increased. Invasive GAS infection is associated with a toxic shock syndrome, (STSS), in 8 -14% of cases. The STSS characteristically results in shock and multi-organ failure soon after the onset of symptoms, and is associated with a mortality of 33 -81%. Many of these patients will require extensive soft tissue debridement or amputation in the operating room, on an emergency basis. The extent of tissue debridement required is often underestimated before skin incision. Conclusions: Management of STSS requires volume resuscitation, vasopressor/inotrope infusion, antibiotic therapy and supportive care in an intensive care unit, usually including mechanical ventilation. Intravenous immunoglobulin infusion has been recommended. Further studies are needed to define the role of IVIG in STSS management and to determine optimal anesthetic management of patients with septic shock.Objectif: Passer en revue la documentation sur le syndrome de choc toxique streptococcique de groupe A (SCTS). Sources: Des recherches ont été menées dans Medline et EMBASE en utilisant les mots-clés: group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, seul et en combinaison avec anesthesia; septic shock, combiné avec anesthesia. Dans Medline, nous avons aussi utilisé les entrées intravenous immunoglobulin (immunoblobuline intraveineuse, IGIV) et group A streptococcus (streptocoque du groupe A, SGA) et antibiotic therapy. Nous avons retenu d'autres références qui concernaient l'histoire, la microbiologie, la physiopathologie, l'incidence, la mortalité, la présenta-tion et le traitement des infections invasives de SGA. Les références pertinentes provenant des articles révisés ont aussi été conservées. Les articles concernant les sujets déjà cités ont été retenus sans tenir compte du type d'é-tude. On a exclu les études d'autres langues que l'anglais. La documentation sur l'efficacité de l'IGIV et sur l'antibiothérapie optimale a été spécialement recherchée. Constatations principales : Les articles sur les infections envahissantes de SGA ont récemment augmenté. L'infection invasive de ...

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Severe Streptococcal Infections in Historical Perspective

Cited by 137 publications

References 45 publications

The dynamics of scarlet fever epidemics in England and Wales in the 19th century

The dynamics of scarlet fever epidemics in England and Wales in the 19th century

Blindness in Walnut Grove: How Did Mary Ingalls Lose Her Sight?

Severe group a streptococcal infection and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome

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