Severe symptoms predict salivary interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in children and youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Westwell‐Roper, Clara; Best, John R.; Naqqash, Zainab; Au, Antony; Lin, Boyee; Lu, Cynthia; Shao, Li; Beasley, Clare L.; Stewart, S. Evelyn

doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110743

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Occasionally, a straw, funnel, or chin cup could be employed to facilitate the process and minimize potential wastage [ 30 , 38 ]. The SalivaBio Passive Drool Saliva Collection Aid (SCA) from Salimetrics served as the collection device in the studies conducted by Colceriu-Simon et al [ 39 ], Westwell-Roper et al [ 23 ], and Siani-Rose et al [ 40 ]. In the study Dimitrijevic-Carlsson et al [ 41 ], a modified Carlson-Crittenden collector was used to collect the unstimulated parotid saliva.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saliva Collection Methods Among Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review

Fey,

Bikker,

Hesse

2023

Mol Diagn Ther

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Objective Saliva can be used for screening and diagnostic purposes. Although multiple saliva collection methods are available, their use in children can be limited due to lack of cooperation, developmental stage, and age. The aim of this scoping review was to comprehensively appraise the different methods of saliva collection among both children and adolescents by assessing the available scientific literature. Methods A literature search was performed using the databases PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Eligible studies on saliva collection methods among children and adolescents were included for this review. Results The literature search identified 249 eligible articles, of which 205 had a cross-sectional study design. Four distinct saliva collection methods have surfaced: the drooling method, the absorption method, the spitting method, and the suction method. Among infants or children under the age of 6 years, the suction and absorption methods were most preferred. The drooling and spitting methods were only applicable among children above the age of 3 years. When children were not willing to cooperate, the absorption method was most feasible. In adolescents and older children, no specific method was found to be preferred over another method. Conclusion Overall, saliva collection is well tolerated by children and adolescents, with the absorption and suction methods being preferred with young and uncooperative children. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40291-023-00684-9.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saliva Collection Methods Among Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review

Fey,

Bikker,

Hesse

2023

Mol Diagn Ther

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“…(2007) and Westwell‐Roper et al. (2022) observed that adults with OCD had higher IL‐6 levels (Konuk et al., 2007; Westwell‐Roper et al., 2022). This increase was negatively correlated with deficits in immediate memory, verbal learning, interference effect, and delayed recall in adults with OCD (Karagüzel et al., 2019).…”

Section: Inflammation In Ocdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This cytokine is present in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation, neuroinflammation, and cognitive function (Erta et al, 2012;Patlola et al, 2023;Tanaka et al, 2015). Konuk et al (2007) and Westwell-Roper et al (2022) observed that adults with OCD had higher IL-6 levels (Konuk et al, 2007;Westwell-Roper et al, 2022). This increase was negatively correlated with deficits in immediate memory, verbal learning, interference effect, and delayed recall in adults with OCD (Karagüzel et al, 2019).…”

Section: Alterations In Peripheral Cytokinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2012) demonstrated that adults with OCD exhibited increased plasma levels of TNF soluble receptors (sTNFR1 and sTNFR2) and that the levels of sTNFR1 correlated positively with the severity of washing symptoms (Fontenelle et al., 2012). Furthermore, OCD was associated with functional polymorphisms in the TNF‐α gene (Cappi et al., 2012), and increased TNF‐α levels were a predictor of the severity of the disorder (Westwell‐Roper et al., 2022).…”

Section: Inflammation In Ocdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In summary, the literature reports altered peripheral inflammatory markers in certain cases of OCD, including elevated levels of TNF‐α, CRP, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 (Caldirola et al., 2021; Jose et al., 2021; Karagüzel et al., 2019; Westwell‐Roper et al., 2022). These findings have been replicated across other studies and in different age groups (Cappi et al., 2012; Fabricius et al., 2022), as well as in patients with OCD who are not taking other medications and do not have any comorbidity (Turna et al., 2020).…”

Section: Inflammation In Ocdmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inflammation in obsessive–compulsive disorder: A literature review and hypothesis‐based potential of transcranial photobiomodulation

Coelho,

Salvi,

Vieira

et al. 2024

J of Neuroscience Research

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Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling neuropsychiatric disorder that affects about 2%–3% of the global population. Despite the availability of several treatments, many patients with OCD do not respond adequately, highlighting the need for new therapeutic approaches. Recent studies have associated various inflammatory processes with the pathogenesis of OCD, including alterations in peripheral immune cells, alterations in cytokine levels, and neuroinflammation. These findings suggest that inflammation could be a promising target for intervention. Transcranial photobiomodulation (t‐PBM) with near‐infrared light is a noninvasive neuromodulation technique that has shown potential for several neuropsychiatric disorders. However, its efficacy in OCD remains to be fully explored. This study aimed to review the literature on inflammation in OCD, detailing associations with T‐cell populations, monocytes, NLRP3 inflammasome components, microglial activation, and elevated proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF‐α, CRP, IL‐1β, and IL‐6. We also examined the hypothesis‐based potential of t‐PBM in targeting these inflammatory pathways of OCD, focusing on mechanisms such as modulation of oxidative stress, regulation of immune cell function, reduction of proinflammatory cytokine levels, deactivation of neurotoxic microglia, and upregulation of BDNF gene expression. Our review suggests that t‐PBM could be a promising, noninvasive intervention for OCD, with the potential to modulate underlying inflammatory processes. Future research should focus on randomized clinical trials to assess t‐PBM's efficacy and optimal treatment parameters in OCD. Biomarker analyses and neuroimaging studies will be important in understanding the relationship between inflammatory modulation and OCD symptom improvement following t‐PBM sessions.

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Identification of key mRNAs and signaling pathways in obsessive compulsive disorder based on weighted gene co‐expression network analysis and cytoHubba plugin

Zhang,

Liu,

Guo

et al. 2024

Brain and Behavior

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PurposeObsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) is a complex psychiatric disorder. Genetic and broad environmental factors are common risk factors for OCD. The purpose of this study is to explore the molecular mechanism of OCD and to find new molecular targets for the diagnosis and management of OCD.MethodsAll data were downloaded from public dataset. Key modules and candidate key mRNAs were identified based on weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA). The “limma” R package was used for differential expression analysis of mRNAs. Subsequently, functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) was also carried out. In addition, a diagnostic model was constructed. Finally, the infiltration level of immune cells in OCD and its correlation with multicentric key DEmRNAs were analyzed.ResultsGreen and red modules were selected as the hub modules. A total of 447 mRNAs were considered candidate key mRNAs according to GS > 0.2 and MM > 0.3. A total of 26 DEmRNAs in the same direction were identified in the GSE60190 and GSE78104 datasets. A total of 26 DEmRNAs were intersected with candidate key mRNAs in WGCNA to obtain 10 intersection DEmRNAs (HSPB1, ITPK1, CBX7, PPP1R10, TAOK1, PISD, MKNK2, RWDD1, PPA1, and RELN). However, only four DEmRNAs (HSPB1, TAOK1, MKNK2, and PPA1) predicted related drugs. Subsequently, receiver operating characteristic analysis shows that the diagnostic model has high diagnostic value. Moreover, six multicentric key DEmRNAs (SNRPF, SNRNP70, PRPF8, NOP56, EPRS, and CCT2) were screened by UpSet package. Finally, six multicentric key DEmRNAs were found to be associated with immune cells.ConclusionThe key molecules obtained in this study lay a foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism of OCD.

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Severe symptoms predict salivary interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in children and youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Cited by 7 publications

References 25 publications

Saliva Collection Methods Among Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review

Saliva Collection Methods Among Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review

Inflammation in obsessive–compulsive disorder: A literature review and hypothesis‐based potential of transcranial photobiomodulation

Identification of key mRNAs and signaling pathways in obsessive compulsive disorder based on weighted gene co‐expression network analysis and cytoHubba plugin

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