Severity of affective temperament and maladaptive self-schemas differentiate borderline patients, bipolar patients, and controls

Early maladaptive schemas and functional impairment in remitted bipolar disorder patients

“…The BD patients' higher incidence of childhood traumas (Etain, Henry, Bellivier, Mathieu, & Leboyer, 2008;Tsuchiya, Agerbo, & Mortensen, 2005) and their temperamental dysregualtion (Nowakowska, Strong, Santosa, Wang, & Ketter, 2005;Savitz, van der Merwe, & Ramesar, 2008) does according to the outlined theory put them at risk of developing EMS. Concurring with this theory, research has found that BD patients have more severe EMS compared to controls (Hawke & Provencher, 2012a;Mehmet, Nergis, Bikem, Levent, & Hakan, in press;Nilsson, Jørgensen, Straarup, & Licht, 2010) and compared to MDD patients with regard to two EMSs: Entitlement/Grandiosity and Approval Seeking (Hawke & Provencher, 2012a). Thus, EMSs constitute potential vulnerabilities in BD patients which merit further understanding in terms of their causes and consequences e including their relationship with functional impairment as a prevailing problem in BD.…”

Significance of borderline personality-spectrum symptoms among adolescents with bipolar disorder

“…However, others view BPD as a distinct diagnostic entity (Gunderson, 2009) because, even within areas of shared symptomology, there are significant differences in the phenomenology of BPD as compared to BP (Feliu-Soler et al, 2013;Zimmerman and Morgan, 2013). For example, while both BPD and BP patients experience affective lability, the severity and direction of affective shifts differ between groups (Henry et al, 2001;Nilsson et al, 2010). Such observations Contents lists available at ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jad challenge the conceptualization of BPD as part of the BP spectrum.…”

Why is soft bipolar disorder so hard to define?

“…However, they are distinct from manic-depressive illness (Bassett, 2012;Paris et al, 2007), and have an equally distinct explanatory model, in which trauma is linked to autonomic (Corrigan et al, 2011) and neural (Dannlowski et al, 2012) instability, and this in turn creates a sensitised and dysregulated emotional system which fluctuates wildly in the context of disturbed attachment (ChoiKain et al, 2009), disturbed self (Meares et al, 2011) and relational distress. Understandably, this psychological and relational context is central to the borderline construct (Fonagy, 2000), differs between borderline and bipolar patients (Nilsson et al, 2010), has an emerging neural signature distinct to that of bipolarity (Mauchnik and Schmahl, 2010;Kuiper et al, 2013), and is integral to treatment models in treating traumatised patients (Fonagy, 2000).…”