Severity of Metabolic Syndrome Unfavorably Influences Oxidative Stress and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Men

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is defined by the clustering of several components (MSC), which include abdominal fat accumulation, impaired glucose homeostasis, hypertriglyceridemia, lowered high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, increased blood pressure, and hyperuricemia. Metabolic syndrome is also accompanied by increased oxidative stress and inflammation as well as by altered composition of esterified fatty acids (FA). Therefore, we have investigated 210 men (categorized into six groups with increasing number of MSC) to find trends in the extent of oxidative stress, FA pattern and frequency of pathological alleles of the selected candidate genes for lipid metabolism. Increasing number of MSC was connected with the raised serum glucose and insulin, increased concentrations of conjugated dienes in low-density lipoprotein (all p < 0.0001), and high frequency of e2 and e4 alleles of the apolipoprotein E gene ( p < 0.005). However, the last significance was lost after the adjustment for age. The incidence of 54Thr allele for intestinal isoform of the fatty acid-binding protein (FABP-2) gene was comparable in all groups. The most important findings were the raised content of saturated FA and the increased activities of Δ 9 and Δ 6 desaturases (all p < 0.0001), and the decreased content of polyunsaturated FA n-6 family and the decreased activity of Δ 5 desaturase (both p < 0.001) in connection with increasing number of MSC. In conclusion, the severity of MS is connected with the progression of oxidative stress and the unfavorable changes in the FA composition. These changes are independent of the studied gene polymorphisms.

Altered Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

“…In this study, several anthropometric and biochemical characteristics of MetS correlated significantly with increased concentrations of CD-LDL, which reflect oxidation of the lipid component of LDL. This finding is in agreement with the results of our studies concerning the severity of MetS, oxidative stress, hypertriglyceridemia, and fatty acid metabolism [ 37 , 38 ]. The important role of lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of MetS has been proven in many experimental and clinical studies [ 39 ].…”

Differences in Serum Phospholipid Fatty Acid Compositions and Estimated Desaturase Activities between Japanese Men with and without Metabolic Syndrome

“…We showed C20:3n-6 and C20:4n-3 fatty acid levels to be higher and estimated D5D(n-6) activity to be lower in our subjects with than in those without MetS. Essentially the same results were reported for n-6 fatty acids and D5D(n-6) by Zak et al in the Czech Republic 28) and by Warenjö et al in a Swedish 10) study population. We were not able to detect C18:3n-6, although its identification has been described in European reports.…”

“…PAF-like phospholipids are recognized in the atherogenic lipoproteins of small, dense LDL [38][39][40][41] . Zak et al reported that the severity of MetS was associated with the progression of oxidative stress, as evaluated with conjugated dienes in LDL 28) . Their results are consistent with the high TG/HDL-C ratio in our subjects with compared to without MetS.…”

Plasma and Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Patterns in Patients with Recurrent Depression: A Matched Case-Control Study

“…The increase in the Δ6 desaturase products C18∶4 ω-3 and C18∶3 ω-6 might be compensatory to the decreases in C22∶5 ω-3, C22∶6 ω-3 and C20∶3 ω-6 up to C22∶5 ω-6. These alterations are also seen in the MetS [14], [22].…”