Sex and gender differences in health

Abstract

The new concept of evidence‐based sex and gender medicine—which includes the fundamental differences of biology and behaviour between women and men—should improve health care for both sexes.

Epidemiology of distal radius fractures and factors predicting risk and prognosis

“…68,69 Sex/gender Gender is a socially and culturally constructed characteristic, whereas sex-related factors include biologic and hormonal effects. [70][71][72] Sex is a determinant of peak bone mass, rate of bone loss, and muscle strength over the life span that can explain the low bone strength and higher risk for future fracture among women with DRF. [70][71][72] Gender-related factors could include cultural norms around attire and physical or sporting activities, which differ for males and females.…”

“…[70][71][72] Sex is a determinant of peak bone mass, rate of bone loss, and muscle strength over the life span that can explain the low bone strength and higher risk for future fracture among women with DRF. [70][71][72] Gender-related factors could include cultural norms around attire and physical or sporting activities, which differ for males and females. For example, low vitamin D levels 73,74 which have been reported in postmenopausal women with DRF, may be attributed to less exposure to sunlight as a function of cultural norms.…”

Studying both sexes: a guiding principle for biomedicine

“…This information is useful for patients and providers, as well as researchers. Recently published textbooks on gender medicine are also useful resources for learning more (38)(39)(40)(41). Knowledge gained from clinical studies is applied to individuals and populations in the wide range of settings in which people receive care.…”

The Integration of Gender Medicine in Medical Education at Austrian Universities – the Status Quo

“…(Miller, 2013;Seeland et al, 2016). Despite the fact that it is growing in importance, Gender Medicine is still not anchored in all aspects of medical education (Regitz-Zagrosek, 2012;Pfleiderer et al, 2012;Dhawan, Bakir, Jones, Kilpatrick, & Merz, 2016;Song, Jones, & Casanova, 2016;Rojek, & Jenkins, 2016). The university Gender Medicine centers have developed differently according to their particular framework conditions.…”