Sex and gender differences in mild traumatic brain injury/concussion

Chaychi, Samaneh; Valera, Eve M.; Tartaglia, Maria Carmela

doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2022.07.004

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 149 publications

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“…Hypertension confers a 2% population attributable fraction (PAF) in high income countries (61), and between 4 and 8% PAF in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) (63) according to the Lancet Commission, and as such the potential for this indirect association warrants further investigation. Conversely, it has been demonstrated that HCs may reduce the severity of symptoms and duration of recovery following TBI (64). How these indirect influences on known modifiable risk factors affect dementia risk is unknown with more research needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormonal contraception and risk for cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in young women: a scoping review of the evidence

Gregory,

Booi,

Jenkins

et al. 2023

Front. Glob. Womens Health

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IntroductionWomen are significantly more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) than men. Suggestions to explain the sex differences in dementia incidence have included the influence of sex hormones with little attention paid to date as to the effect of hormonal contraception on brain health. The aim of this scoping review is to evaluate the current evidence base for associations between hormonal contraceptive use by women and non-binary people in early adulthood and brain health outcomes.MethodsA literature search was conducted using EMBASE, Medline and Google Scholar, using the keywords “hormonal contraception” OR “contraception” OR “contraceptive” AND “Alzheimer*” OR “Brain Health” OR “Dementia”.ResultsEleven papers were identified for inclusion in the narrative synthesis. Studies recruited participants from the UK, USA, China, South Korea and Indonesia. Studies included data from women who were post-menopausal with retrospective data collection, with only one study contemporaneously collecting data from participants during the period of hormonal contraceptive use. Studies reported associations between hormonal contraceptive use and a lower risk of ADRD, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD), better cognition and larger grey matter volume. Some studies reported stronger associations with longer duration of hormonal contraceptive use, however, results were inconsistent. Four studies reported no significant associations between hormonal contraceptive use and measures of brain health, including brain age on MRI scans and risk of AD diagnosis.DiscussionFurther research is needed on young adults taking hormonal contraceptives, on different types of hormonal contraceptives (other than oral) and to explore intersections between sex, gender, race and ethnicity.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/MVX63, identifier: OSF.io: 10.17605/OSF.IO/MVX63

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormonal contraception and risk for cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in young women: a scoping review of the evidence

Gregory,

Booi,

Jenkins

et al. 2023

Front. Glob. Womens Health

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“…Many studies find that female animals exhibit more favorable outcomes than males ( O'Connor et al, 2003 ; Shahrokhi et al, 2010 , 2012 ; Sarkaki et al, 2013 ), suggesting that female sex hormones are neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory, while others find female animals exhibit greater deficits and neurodegeneration or have produced mixed results ( Mollayeva et al, 2018 ). Detailed discussion on sex differences in TBI and the contributing factors can be found in several reviews ( Gupte et al, 2019 ; Ma et al, 2019 ; Rubin and Lipton, 2019 ; Chaychi et al, 2022 ). It is important to note that preclinical data showing the better outcomes of the female sex in severe injury models were the foundation for testing the neuroprotective effects of progesterone in the ProTECT (Progesterone for Traumatic Brain Injury, Experimental Clinical Treatment) human clinical trials for severe neurotrauma ( Wright et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Sex Differences In Mtbi and Neurodegenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study age and sex differences in brain injury and neurodegeneration after mild head trauma

Behnke

Hardin

et al. 2023

Front. Neurosci.

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Repetitive physical insults to the head, including those that elicit mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), are a known risk factor for a variety of neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Although most individuals who sustain mTBI typically achieve a seemingly full recovery within a few weeks, a subset experience delayed-onset symptoms later in life. As most mTBI research has focused on the acute phase of injury, there is an incomplete understanding of mechanisms related to the late-life emergence of neurodegeneration after early exposure to mild head trauma. The recent adoption of Drosophila-based brain injury models provides several unique advantages over existing preclinical animal models, including a tractable framework amenable to high-throughput assays and short relative lifespan conducive to lifelong mechanistic investigation. The use of flies also provides an opportunity to investigate important risk factors associated with neurodegenerative conditions, specifically age and sex. In this review, we survey current literature that examines age and sex as contributing factors to head trauma-mediated neurodegeneration in humans and preclinical models, including mammalian and Drosophila models. We discuss similarities and disparities between human and fly in aging, sex differences, and pathophysiology. Finally, we highlight Drosophila as an effective tool for investigating mechanisms underlying head trauma-induced neurodegeneration and for identifying therapeutic targets for treatment and recovery.

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“…When taken together, this means that concussions may present in differing ways, including the severity of symptoms and length of recovery when compared to male athletes. Chaychi et al (2022) suggests that employing a lens of sex and gender to understanding "concussion/mild traumatic brain injury is imperative for discovery of its pathophysiology and moving closer to treatments". While important work is focusing on how the biology of sex might be involved in this process, fewer scholars are looking at the topic through the social scientific lens of gender.…”

Section: The Perfect Storm?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Concussion in sport – What do we know, and what’s next?

Matthews,

Watson,

Dening

et al. 2023

Commun in Kinesiology

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This paper presents shortened versions of talks given at a symposium about concussion in sport. The piece is designed, in similar lines as the event, to help communicate knowledge and ideas between academics in multiple disciplines, communities of practice and to develop public and patient involvement. The seven short essays are presented in the style of a conference proceedings paper. Each author presents their own focus, with one paper drawing on lived experiences and activism, three taking a biomedical approach and the remaining three drawing on social scientific analysis and literature. We have developed this paper to provide readers with a concise, but not complete, understanding of different topics related to concussion and brain injuries in sport. The limitations of space means that the authors have had to reduce the complexity of some ongoing debates on the topic. The final section is based on the comments and discussions that happened during and after the symposium. It offers some important takeaways and encourages scholars working in this area to prioritize multi-disciplinary research, and highlights the importance of centering the experiences and lives of those people affected by concussions and neurological disorders in the development and delivery of future work. It is hoped that communicating ideas in this way will encourage such ways of thinking as a means of tackling the complex set of problems that face those involved in sports where repeated forceful impact is a normalized 'part of the game'.

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Sex and gender differences in mild traumatic brain injury/concussion

Cited by 9 publications

References 149 publications

Hormonal contraception and risk for cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in young women: a scoping review of the evidence

Hormonal contraception and risk for cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in young women: a scoping review of the evidence

Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study age and sex differences in brain injury and neurodegeneration after mild head trauma

Concussion in sport – What do we know, and what’s next?

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