Sex and Gender Differences in Central Nervous System-Related Disorders

Zagni, Emanuela; Simoni, Lúcia; Colombo, Delia

doi:10.1155/2016/2827090

Cited by 152 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 172 publications

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“…For example, deletion of the Xic-encoded lncRNA, testis specific X-linked gene ( Tsx ), in male mice leads to a reduction in fear and enhancement of short-term hippocampal memory (Anguera et al 2011). Although the underlying mutations or causes are not known in every instance, many neurological and psychiatric diseases differ in the incidence of, or severity between, the sexes (Bangasser and Valentino 2014; Zagni et al 2016). These observations suggest that it is important to consider how many and in what tissues imprinted genes (on both the X chromosome and autosomes) may contribute to sex differences in brain and behavior.…”

Section: Noncoding Rnasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and epigenetic factors underlying sex differences in the regulation of gene expression in the brain

Ratnu

Emami

Bredy

2016

J of Neuroscience Research

115

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There are inherent biological differences between males and females that contribute to sex differences in brain function and to many sex-specific illnesses and disorders. Traditionally, it has been thought that such differences are largely due to hormonal regulation; however, there are also genetic and epigenetic effects caused by the inheritance and unequal dosage of genes located on the X- and Y-chromosomes. Here we discuss the evidence in favor of a genetic and epigenetic basis for sexually dimorphic behavior, as a consequence of underlying differences in the regulation of genes that drive brain function. A better understanding of sex-specific molecular processes in the brain will provide further insight for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by gender/sex differences.

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Section: Noncoding Rnasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and epigenetic factors underlying sex differences in the regulation of gene expression in the brain

Ratnu

Emami

Bredy

2016

J of Neuroscience Research

115

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“…The issue of gender differences in the frequency and symptomatic of neurodegenerative diseases deserves attention [57]. For example more men than women are diagnosed with PD [58].…”

Section: Gender Differences In Neurodegenerative Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Changes in the Melatonin and Thymulin Biorhythms as Risk Factors for Human Neurodegenerative Diseases

Labunets¹

2017

GGS

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MelatoninNumerous studies suggest that melatonin is the main regulator of circadian and circannual rhythms both in mammals and humans CRIMSONpublishers http://www.crimsonpublishers.com Irina F Labunets* AbstractThe frequency of age-related neurodegenerative pathology, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, brain ischemia and multiple sclerosis increases worldwide and has great socio-economic implications. The use of approaches based on investigation the pathogenic factors of their development may be perspective in the prevention and treatment of such diseases.Circadian and circannual rhythms play a key role in the adaptative changes of human neuroendocrine and immune systems to the light and temperature. The rhythmicity of these systems is disturbed in human aging that may be connected with desynchronosis of pineal gland melatonin production. This process becomes more intensive during development of the neurodegenerative diseases.Thymic endocrine function (thymulin production) is the important part of chronobiological organization of immune system. The circadian and circannual rhythms of thymulin depend on the synchronizing influence of melatonin. Melatonin production disorders lead to the intra-immune desynchronosis via disturbances of the circadian and circannual rhythms of thymulin and its interactions with the endocrine glands (hypophysis, adrenal glands, gonads etc) both in aging and age pathology.Melatonin treatment improves sleep-wake rhythm and produces antiapoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in the brain at neurodegenerative diseases and slows down development of this pathology. Moreover, melatonin treatment leads to the suppression of age-related changes in the rhythmicity of immune and neuroendocrine systems functions. Such melatonin effect is realized via synchronous influence on the circadian and circannual rhythms of thymulin production.Therefore melatonin seems to be perspective for restoring disturbed rhythmicity of immune and neuroendocrine systems in:A. accelerated human aging with pineal gland dysfunction and B. Patients of different age and sex suffering from neurodegenerative diseases making individual hormone dose correction.

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“…Depression, anxiety, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease are more prevalent in women; while Parkinson's, autism, schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more prevalent in men (for full review, see Ref. ). Disparities in the manifestation of these disorders highlight the need to understand underlying mechanisms and their related changes across development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parkinson's, 11 autism, [12][13][14] schizophrenia, 15,16 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 17 and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 18,19 are more prevalent in men (for full review, see Ref. 11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent maturation of the prefrontal cortex: Role of stress and sex in shaping adult risk for compromise

Shaw

Dupree

Neigh

2019

Genes Brain and Behavior

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Adolescence is a highly dynamic period of development, which includes the final organizational phases of neural maturation within the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The organizational events of neural pruning and myelination occur in a sex‐specific manner, potentially giving rise to the disparities in mood disorders in adulthood. Because of the extended developmental time period of the PFC, environmental insults, including psychosocial stressors, may play a major role in steering the maturation of this region. In this review, the literature surrounding the sex specific alterations that occur in the PFC in rodent models following adolescent stress will be discussed. This will be complimented by a brief review on the state of human research in PFC sex differences in the development of white matter and cytoarchitecture across the lifespan. Taken together, the impact of developmental psychosocial stress on the circuitry of the PFC and resulting adult phenotypes will be summarized with a focus on the importance of considering sex differences in order to build a better understanding of developmental influences on adult disorders.

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Sex and Gender Differences in Central Nervous System-Related Disorders

Cited by 152 publications

References 172 publications

Genetic and epigenetic factors underlying sex differences in the regulation of gene expression in the brain

Genetic and epigenetic factors underlying sex differences in the regulation of gene expression in the brain

Age-Related Changes in the Melatonin and Thymulin Biorhythms as Risk Factors for Human Neurodegenerative Diseases

Adolescent maturation of the prefrontal cortex: Role of stress and sex in shaping adult risk for compromise

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