Sex and Gender in the Mesolithic: Adults and Children from the Strøby Egede Burial, Køge Bugt, Denmark

Abstract

In the summer of 1986 a mass grave was discovered along the bank of the river Tryggevælde Å where it empties into Køge Bugt, the bay south of modern Copenhagen, Denmark. The human remains, dating to the late Mesolithic Ertebølle culture, consisted of eight individuals of multiple ages, ranging c. 35–45 years old to newborn children. Four were arranged on one side of the grave, with four on the other, placed head to foot. How they were related and what befell them is a mystery. Herein, we present a bioarchaeological assessment of these individuals for the first time and apply an acid etch-based analysis of dimorphic sex chromosome-linked tooth enamel peptides to confirm their biological sex. Our results allow a direct connection between engendered grave treatment and biological sex in non-adult individuals as young as c. 4 years of age. We conclude with a discussion of the possible circumstances of their deaths and their possible relationships to one another.

Sex Determination and Isotopic Analysis of the Nivåfjord Mesolithic Burials, Zealand, Denmark

“…In this study we follow a slightly modified version of the standards of Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994), with children identified as aged 1 to 12 years, older than infants (0-1 year) and younger than adolescents (12 to 18 years); the term juvenile is not used by Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994). These ranges and descriptive terms are also similar to that given by Lewis (2011) and were also used by Gron et al (2022) in identifying children's remains at the Late Mesolithic mass burial site of Strøby Egede, Zealand, Denmark.…”