Sex and mortality: Real risk and perceived vulnerability

Cohen, Dale J.; Bruce, Katherine

doi:10.1080/00224499709551894

Cited by 19 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Research suggests that women have more positive attitudes toward safer-sex talk and discuss their sexual history with partners more than men do (Cohen & Bruce, 1997;Troth & Peterson, 2000). In fact, women often initiate the topic of safer sex (Lock, Ferguson, & Wise, 1998).…”

Section: Sexual Assertivenessmentioning

confidence: 96%

Gender, Belief in the Sexual Double Standard, and Sexual Talk in Heterosexual Dating Relationships

2005

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This study was focused on the extent to which sex, gender, and attitudes toward sexuality influenced the amount and quality of sexual communication within 698 heterosexual dating couples. Women reported more dyadic sexual negotiation but less sexual negotiation efficacy than their male partners, and individuals with less traditional attitudes toward gender roles and sexuality indicated that they discussed more sexual issues and disclosed more sexual information with their partners. Couples with more dyadic sexual communication and sexual assertiveness (but lesser negotiation efficacy) reported increased relational satisfaction. We frame the findings from a script perspective, and our results suggest that individuals who selfdisclose important information about sexual issues contribute to the effectiveness of sexual communication in a dating relationship.Notions about gender influence individuals' discussions about sex in personal relationships. North American mainstream culture, among others, socializes individuals to advocate for a pleasure-centered or recreational focus on sexuality for men and a person-centered or relational orientation toward sexuality for women (DeLamater, 1987). This socialization still predominates, although women's and men's sexual activity actually appears to be more similar than different (cf. Oliver & Hyde, 1993).

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Section: Sexual Assertivenessmentioning

confidence: 96%

Gender, Belief in the Sexual Double Standard, and Sexual Talk in Heterosexual Dating Relationships

2005

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“…This finding is important, because it helps validate a longheld but rarely tested assumption characteristic of any experiment that uses probability estimates to assess cognitive states such as beliefs and attitudes (e.g., when participants are asked to estimate their probability of contracting HIV; D. J. Cohen & Bruce, 1997). Researchers assume that gender effects in such experiments do not simply reflect differences in how men and women use and interpret numbers (i.e., not an effect of the response class).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The implicit assumption of numerical equivalence is prevalent in studies of psychophysics (e.g., Gescheider, 1988;Marks, 1974;Marks & Algom, 1998;Stevens, 1956Stevens, , 1986, risk estimation (e.g., D. J. Cohen & Bruce, 1997;Gladis, Michela, Walter, & Vaughan, 1992;Hansen, Hahn, & Wolkenstein, 1990;Mickler, 1993;van der Velde, van der Plight, & Hooykaas, 1994), mathematics (e.g., Ashcroft, 1992;Ashcroft & Kirk, 2001;Campbell & Xue, 2001), reasoning (e.g., Kahneman & Tversky, 1972;Tversky & Kahneman, 1974;Wanke, Schwarz, & Bless, 1995), and probability estimation (e.g., Begg, 1974;Brooke & MacRae, 1977;Hollands & Dyre, 2000;Shuford, 1961;Spence, 1990;Teigen, 1973;Tversky & Fox, 1995;Varey, Mellers, & Birnbaum, 1990), to name just a few. The assumption of numerical equivalence, however, should not be made lightly because people's interpretation of numbers likely affects the data they produce, and thus the conclusions that researchers draw.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

What very small numbers mean.

Cohen¹,

Ferrell²,

Johnson³

2002

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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This article presents a theoretical and experimental framework for assessing the biases associated with the interpretation of numbers. This framework consists of having participants convert between different representations of quantities. These representations should include both variations in numerical labels that symbolize quantities and variations in displays in which quantity is inherent. Five experiments assessed how people convert between relative frequencies, decimals, and displays of dots that denote very low proportions (i.e., proportions below 1%). The participants demonstrated perceptual, response, and numerical transformation biases. Furthermore, the data suggest that relative frequencies and decimals are associated with different abstract representations of amount.

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“…This researcher hypothesized that an intervention in which a person living with ll lV was present and relating her story would also be an effective method to promote positive attitudes and behaviours. The speaker was both a peer of the participants and a woman who had contracted HIV through heterosexual contact Cohen and Bruce ( 1997) reported that people have a tendency to believe HIV risk to be stronger for peers than for self This may have been a factor in lack of change tn attitudes Sandfort and Zessen ( 1992) stated that interaction of people with someone who is living with HIV can decrease the tendency toward denial of personal susceptibility.…”

Section: Discussion Of ~Tlumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They must have the most up-to-date information and not be dealing with myths and partial truths (Cohen & Bruce, 1997 Cohen and Bruce ( 1997) argued that people were not unrealistic in their perceptions of their vulnerability to contraction. They suggested that in comparing perception of risk to epidemiological forecasts of risk in certain populations, subjects were actually overestimating their potential to contract HIV.…”

Section: ~mentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV primary prevention and verbal attitudes and behaviours: a study of two interventions

Walsh¹

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In an experimental process, three groups were tested pre and post intervention to determine change in attitudes and behaviours. Two interventions were designed, using Social Cognitive Theory as the framework Intervention I, was an affective intervention subjects to the teaching of a young heterosexual woman who was I IIV positive. le\'el particularly in the area of concern for self and others, increase in detailed information. acknowledgement that abstinence is a viable option.and acknowledgement that one could not identify a person as HIV positive.Both interventions were c:een as viable for prevention programs, particularly as they did not involve significant considerations and were very basic and could be run in many different venues among many different groups.

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Sex and mortality: Real risk and perceived vulnerability

Cited by 19 publications

References 27 publications

Gender, Belief in the Sexual Double Standard, and Sexual Talk in Heterosexual Dating Relationships

Gender, Belief in the Sexual Double Standard, and Sexual Talk in Heterosexual Dating Relationships

What very small numbers mean.

HIV primary prevention and verbal attitudes and behaviours: a study of two interventions

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