Sex‐based limits to running speed in the human, horse and dog: The role of sexual dimorphisms

Abstract

Among humans, males have faster running performances than females ubiquitously across all race distances despite faster improvements in record times for females compared to males over the previous century. 1-3 Strikingly, however, these sex differences in elite running performance may be blunted or nonexistent in other species that engage in competitive running performances, notably the thoroughbred horse and greyhound dog. In this context, elite running performances across species offer a framework to compare the

Determination of breeding criteria for gait proficiency in leisure riding and racing dromedary camels: a stepwise multivariate analysis of factors predicting overall biomechanical performance

“…Then, these statements are contrary to the results presented by Al-Shorepy ( 14 ) for racing camels, Entin ( 87 ) for racehorses and Greyhound dogs, Vicente et al ( 88 ) for classical riding horses, and Navas González et al ( 33 ) for assisted-therapy donkeys, who reported a significant effect of sex and age on animal functional performance but agreed with Senefeld et al ( 89 ), who support the idea that large differences in athletic performance do not exist between sexes in animals. Regarding the association between coat and eye color with different psychological constructs that are transcendental for animal trainability and safe interaction, the molecular basis of these desirable traits has been identified mainly for dogs and horses ( 90 – 93 ), and some inferences are discussed by Iglesias Pastrana et al ( 77 ) for dromedary camels.…”