Sex Change with Inbreeding: Experiments on Separate Versus Combined Sexes

Benjamin, Richard B.; Hainsworth, F. Reed

doi:10.2307/2408469

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Unfortunately, we did not measure flowers or estimate pollen production, so we cannot be sure that later flowers of these selfed hermaphrodites were not smaller or contained less pollen. Plants have been found to modify aspects of their floral biology in response to the nature of the pollen they receive, especially when they are highly selfed (Benjamin and Hainsworth, 1986). Conceivably, completely selfed hermaphrodites therefore invest in additional flower production to increase overall display, attract more pollinators, and increase the chance of receiving outcross pollen.…”

Section: Inbreeding Depression and Resource Availability-whenmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of pollination level on the reproduction of females and hermaphrodites in the gynodioecious plant Gypsophila repens (Caryophyllaceae)

López‐Villavicencio

Genton

Porcher

et al. 2005

American J of Botany

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In gynodioecious plant species, females are expected to have more resources available for maturing seeds because pistillate flowers are smaller, do not produce pollen, and are thus less costly that perfect flowers. The potential female advantage arising from more abundant resources is, however, likely to vary depending on whether seed production is limited by resource or pollen availability. Here we experimentally investigated the influence of pollen and resource limitation on female advantage in a gynodioecious species using two levels of pollination. Total seed production of females was always greater than that of hermaphrodites: females produced more flowers and more fruits that contained similar numbers of seeds of similar mass. Under low pollination, female and hermaphrodite plants allocated resources to increased flower production rather than to increased seed size or quality. We did not detect any influence of pollen or resource limitation on female advantage, which remained similar under low (= abundant resources) and full pollination. Outcrossed fruits performed better than selfed fruits when the same plant received both selfed and outcrossed pollen on different flowers. These differences were not greater under high pollination, possibly because resources available for each fruit did not differ between our pollen intensity treatments.

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Section: Inbreeding Depression and Resource Availability-whenmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of pollination level on the reproduction of females and hermaphrodites in the gynodioecious plant Gypsophila repens (Caryophyllaceae)

López‐Villavicencio

Genton

Porcher

et al. 2005

American J of Botany

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“…For example, abortion of poor quality fruit often occurs early in the season but less often later on (Lee and Bazzaz, 1982;Nakamura, 1986). Another very interesting change in reproductive behavior of this kind is the change from hermaphrodite to female flowers in Ipomopsis rubra, ifoutcrossing is prevented (Benjamin and Hainsworth, 1986). We have also not allowed for the possibility that flowering structures may be capable of photosynthesis, so that plants that produce more flowers will tend to have more reproductive resources available; rather, we have assumed that these resources represent a fixed total quantity.…”

Section: Limitations Of the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Investment in Attractive Structures on Allocation to Male and Female Functions in Plants

Charlesworth

1987

Evolution

143

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Abstract. -Expressions for male and female fitnesses of partially self-fertilizing cosexual plants are derived, assuming that allocation to pollinator attraction at the time of flowering may decrease resources available for male and female primary structures. The total female fertility is assumed to be controlled by factors at two stages, flowering-time and fruiting-time, with resources for fruit maturation being limited so that maximum seed production may be limited by the availability of these resources. The fitness formulas are used to calculate ESS (evolutionarily stable strategy) allocations at flowering time to primary male and female sex functions and to attractive structures. These are compared with some data that are available for dry weights of different flower parts. The fitnesses of unisexual mutant forms are calculated, assuming that they are introduced into a population consisting mostly of the initial cosexual form and that they obey the same gain curves as that form. When compared with the fitness of the ESS cosexual form, this enables one to ask whether unisexual forms will be favored. We show that the spread of females is unlikely, unless there is high inbreeding depression and a rather high selfing rate, and that in some circumstances a linear relation between number of fertilized ovules and number of seeds matured can be less favorable for the invasion of females than is a highly concave relation. With a nearly linear relation between numbers of fertilized ovules and mature seeds, invasion by females is more likely when investment in attraction is low than when it is high. These effects are discussed in relation to the distribution of dioecy. The spread of male mutants is never likely in these models.Received November 5, 1986. Accepted March 8, 1987 The evolution of plant traits that may increase fitness through male function, e.g., pollen amount, floral display, and the timing and duration of pollen production, has often been discussed as an example of an intermale sexual-selection process (Hal-

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“…The extent to which individuals function as males and females varies among and within species, resulting in a variety of sexual systems (Yampolsky and Yampolsky 1922;Carlquist 1966;Connor 1979). The ecological and evolutionary significance of this variation and the selective forces involved have been studied by many authors (e.g., Charlesworth and Charlesworth 1979;Bawa 1980;Ross 1980;Charnov 1982;Lloyd 1982;Queller 1983;Willson 1983;Sutherland and Delph 1984;Benjamin and Hainsworth 1986). In most studies, selection is considered to act on nuclear gene frequencies.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Male Sterility: Single-Point Equilibria Versus Limit Cycles

Gouyon¹,

Vichot²,

Damme³

1991

The American Naturalist

186

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Abstract.-The evolutionary dynamics of nuclear-cytoplasmic male sterility in a gynodioecious, self-incompatible species was examined through computer simulations of a deterministic model. In the model, two cytoplasmic types were assumed, each interacting with a specific, nuclear locus with one restorer and one sterility allele. A plant was male sterile when it was homozygous for the sterility allele at the locus corresponding to the cytoplasmic type it carried. Two additional fitness effects, which are the minimum required for maintenance of the nuclearcytoplasmic polymorphism, were considered: (1) the female fitness component of females relative to that of hermaphrodites, I, and (2) the cost of restoration, that is, the fitness of plants carrying a restorer gene together with the cytoplasmic type that is not restored by that allele. The parameter related to the cost of restoration, a , was assumed to act on male fertility. Two different types of stable nuclear-cytoplasmic polymorphism were obtained: the well-known single-point equilibria and limit cycles. We show how the occurrence of limit cycles as well as their shape depend on values of x and a. Limit cycles are not a peculiarity of the model used; they also occur when some of the assumptions are relaxed. Models were tested with a acting on female fertility and with recessiveness of the x and a effects of the restorer alleles. All models used were deterministic, but it can be inferred from the mechanism underlying limit cycles that finite populations can, in principle, also show cyclelike behavior, provided that some seed migration between populations occurs. The limit-cycle phenomenon may explain the negative correlation between the two cytoplasmic male-sterility types found in Plarztago lanceolata and. more generally, any interpopulation variation in male-sterile frequencies, without invoking any ecological cause.

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Sex Change with Inbreeding: Experiments on Separate Versus Combined Sexes

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

The role of pollination level on the reproduction of females and hermaphrodites in the gynodioecious plant Gypsophila repens (Caryophyllaceae)

The role of pollination level on the reproduction of females and hermaphrodites in the gynodioecious plant Gypsophila repens (Caryophyllaceae)

The Effect of Investment in Attractive Structures on Allocation to Male and Female Functions in Plants

Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Male Sterility: Single-Point Equilibria Versus Limit Cycles

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