Sex Chromatin Formation in the Blastocyst of the Roe Deer (Capreolus Capreolus) During Delayed Implantation

Aitken, R. John

doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0400235

Cited by 23 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…These results support conclusions drawn from other ultrastructural and biochemical studies (Aitken et al, 1973;Aitken, 1974Aitken, , 1975 in suggesting that the rapid elongation of the roe deer blastocyst is associated with the release of a secretion from the endometrial glands. An important constituent of this secretion is free fructose.…”

supporting

confidence: 90%

“…Delayed implantation is terminated in early January by the sudden, rapid elongation of the trophoblast and subsequent placental attachment (Short & Hay, 1966). The resumption of rapid embryonic growth appears to coincide with the release of a secretion from the endometrial glands (Aitken et al, 1973;Aitken, 1975 Eighty-five roe deer shot during the annual Forestry Commission cull at Thetford Chase, Norfolk, provided the material for this study. The uterus was removed from each animal immediately after death and kept on ice for about 1\ m=1/ 2\ hr while being transported to a field laboratory.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Uterine secretion of fructose in the roe deer

Aitken¹

1976

Reproduction

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The roe deer is the only ungulate known to exhibit the phenomenon of delayed implantation. Shortly after ovulation in early August, the blastocyst loses its zona pellucida and enters a 5-month period of diapause during which the trophoblast exhibits a minimum of mitotic activity and the inner cell mass remains undifferentiated. Delayed implantation is terminated in early January by the sudden, rapid elongation of the trophoblast and subsequent placental attachment (Short & Hay, 1966). The resumption of rapid embryonic growth appears to coincide with the release of a secretion from the endometrial glands (Aitken et al., 1973;Aitken, 1975 Eighty-five roe deer shot during the annual Forestry Commission cull at Thetford Chase, Norfolk, provided the material for this study. The uterus was removed from each animal immediately after death and kept on ice for about 1\ m=1/ 2\ hr while being transported to a field laboratory. The uterine horns were then separated and flushed with 20 ml 0-85% phosphate-buffered saline (Aitken, 1974). The carbohydrate content of the flushings was determined with anthrone (Trevelyan & Harrison, 1952), and the ethanol-soluble sugars were analysed by thin-layer chromatography on silica-gel plates employing the solvent system, 1-butanol:acetic acid:diethyl ether:water (9:6:3:1 by vol.) (Hay, Lewis & Smith, 1963). Thymol was used as a locating reagent (Adachi, 1965), and the presence of ketose sugars was confirmed with anthrone (Johanson, 1953), ß-indolylacetic acid (Heyrovsky, 1956), dimedone (Adachi, 1964) and phloroglucinol (Menzies & Seakins, 1969). Endometrial homogenates were prepared by homogenizing 1-2-1-9 g of tissue in 15 ml cold 0-85% phosphate-buffered saline. Proteins were precipitated with alkaline ZnS04 and the fructose content of the supernatant estimated with resorcinol (Mann, 1948). (5) The results revealed a highly significant (P<0-001 ; t test) increase in the carbohydrate content of the uterine flushings upon the resumption of rapid embryonic growth (Table 1). Thin-layer chromato¬ graphy of the flushings revealed the presence of a single hexose in 18 samples collected at the time of rapid embryonic growth which was absent from another 12 flushings obtained during diapause. This sugar migrated with fructose on TLC, gave positive ketose and Seliwanoff reactions, reduced Benedict's solution and was dialysable (12 samples). It was concluded that the sugar was free fructose. Fructose was also detected in the endometrium during diapause (65-05±17-37 (S.D.) pg/g wet weight, N=7) and in a single sample obtained at the time of embryonic elongation (46-21 pg/g wet weight). The fetal fluids of rapidly elongating embryos also contained fructose both before and after placental attachment. Contamination of the flushings with fructose-rich fetal fluids was believed to be minimal, since this sugar was also detected in the non-gravid horn of unilaterally pregnant animals.

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confidence: 90%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Uterine secretion of fructose in the roe deer

Aitken¹

1976

Reproduction

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“…Among species displaying diapause at the blastocyst stage there is significant variation in morphology of the arrested embryo. In many species that display pre-implantation delay, including the rodents (Zhao & Dean 2002), the roe deer (Aitken 1975) and the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus; A C Enders, personal communication), the embryo hatches from its zona pellucida before entering into diapause. The embryo of the roe deer has a modest complement of 30-40 cells (Aitken 1975).…”

Section: The Embryo In Diapausementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In many species that display pre-implantation delay, including the rodents (Zhao & Dean 2002), the roe deer (Aitken 1975) and the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus; A C Enders, personal communication), the embryo hatches from its zona pellucida before entering into diapause. The embryo of the roe deer has a modest complement of 30-40 cells (Aitken 1975). The mouse embryo has a similar cell number at hatching, but this number increases to approximately 130 cells within 72 h, and this cell complement is maintained through diapause (Spindler et al 1996).…”

Section: The Embryo In Diapausementioning

confidence: 99%

Embryonic diapause and its regulation

Lopes¹,

Desmarais²,

Murphy³

2004

Reproduction

184

165

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Embryonic diapause, a condition of temporary suspension of development of the mammalian embryo, occurs due to suppression of cell proliferation at the blastocyst stage. It is an evolutionary strategy to ensure the survival of neonates. Obligate diapause occurs in every gestation of some species, while facultative diapause ensues in others, associated with metabolic stress, usually lactation. The onset, maintenance and escape from diapause are regulated by cascades of environmental, hypophyseal, ovarian and uterine mechanisms that vary among species and between the obligate and facultative condition. In the bestknown models, the rodents, the uterine environment maintains the embryo in diapause, while estrogens, in combination with growth factors, reinitiate development. Mitotic arrest in the mammalian embryo occurs at the G0 or G1 phase of the cell cycle, and may be due to expression of a specific cell cycle inhibitor. Regulation of proliferation in non-mammalian models of diapause provide clues to orthologous genes whose expression may regulate the reprise of proliferation in the mammalian context.

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“…Os ductos apareciam abertos em todos os estágios da fase tardia e o lume freqüentemente continha vesículas mucóides ou ocasionalmente material celular. As células glandulares eram colunares com núcleo basal oval ou redondo (AITKEN et al, 1973;AITKEN, 1974;AITKEN, 1975;HOYES, 1972). Já ao microscópio eletrônico de transmissão as células epiteliais das glândulas uterinas eram unidas por desmossomos ocasionais e, próximo à superfície, por complexos juncionais, os quais eram compostos por uma zônula oclusiva superficial, a zônula aderente e a mácula aderente associada.…”

Section: Glândulas Uterinasunclassified

Eritrofagocitose placentária em búfalas (Bubalus bubalis bubalis - Simpson, 1945)

Pereira¹

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A função da eritrofagocitose observada após o extravasamento de sangue na interface materno-fetal é indefinida em várias espécies, incluindo o búfalo. Na ovelha, este processo foi muito estudado, e ocorre na zona arcada do placentônio (topos dos septos maternos e base dos vilos fetais), região onde o processo é realizado pelo trofoblasto. É possível que o ferro seja transferido para o feto mediante a eritrofagocitose trofoblástica nesta área hemófaga da placenta e nas glândulas endometriais. Para este estudo foram utilizadas placentas de búfalas entre 2-3, 4-5, 6-7, 8-9 e 10 meses de prenhez, fixadas por perfusão com solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10% e paraformaldeído a 4%, para microscopia de luz, e glutaraldeído a 2,5%, para microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, processadas e coradas para microscopia de luz (HE, azul de Toluidina, tricromo de Gomori, Hematoxilina-floxina, Azul de metileno -fucsina básica), histoquímica (reação de The function of erytrophagocytosis observed after blood extravasation in the maternal-fetal interface is indefinite various species, including the water buffalo. In ewe, this process had been hardly studied and it occurs in the placentome arcade zone (top of maternal septa), region where the process is performed by the trophoblast. It is possible that iron is being transferred to the fetus through the trophoblastic erytrophagocytosis in the hemophagous areas of the placenta and in the endometrial glands. In our research we have been using placentomes of buffaloes between 2-3, 4-5, 6-7, 8-9 and 10 months of pregnancy, fixed by perfusion with 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, 4% paraformoldehyde for light microscopy and 2,5% glutaraldehyde for transmission electron microscopy, processed and stained for light microscopy (HE, Toluidine blue, Gomori trichrome, hematoxilinfloxin, methilen blue -basic fucsin), histochemistry (Perls, PAS and acid phosfatase reaction) and transmission electron microscopy. The methodology used allowed us to observe that the haemophagous areas were present in determined regions of the placentome, in which there were showing haemorragic areas between the trophoblastic and uterine epithelium, in 4-10 months pregnant placentae.

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Sex Chromatin Formation in the Blastocyst of the Roe Deer (Capreolus Capreolus) During Delayed Implantation

Cited by 23 publications

References 12 publications

Uterine secretion of fructose in the roe deer

Uterine secretion of fructose in the roe deer

Embryonic diapause and its regulation

Eritrofagocitose placentária em búfalas (Bubalus bubalis bubalis - Simpson, 1945)

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