Sex-dependent effects of microcystin-LR on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis and gametogenesis of adult zebrafish

Abstract

While microcystins (MCs) have been reported to exert reproductive toxicity on fish with a sexdependent effect, the underlying mechanism has been rarely investigated. In the present study, zebrafish were exposed to 1, 5 and 20 μg/L MC-LR for 30 d. The gonad-somatic index declined in all treated males. 17β-estradiol (E 2 ), testosterone (T), 11-keto testosterone (11-KT) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels increased in serum from all treated females, while T, FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels changed in all treated males. Histomorphological observation showed that MC-LR exposure evidently retarded oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Transcriptional changes of 22 genes of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis exhibited sex-specific responses, and the relationship between gene transcriptions and gametogenesis was evaluated by principle component analysis (PCA). Major contributors to PC1 (gnrh2, gnrhr3, ar, lhr, hmgra, hmgrb and cyp19a) were positively correlated with the number of post-vitellogenic oocytes, while PC1 (gnrh2, lhβ, erβ, fshr, cyp11a and 17βhsd) were positively correlated with the number of spermatozoa. The protein levels of 17βHSD and CYP19a were affected in both females and males. In conclusion, this study first investigated the sex-dependent effects of microcystins on fish reproduction and revealed some important molecular biomarkers related to gametogenesis in zebrafish suffered from MC-LR.Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic, oxygen producing, gram-negative microorganisms found ubiquitously in nature even at extreme climatic conditions 1,2 . Increasing global temperature, nutrient and pollutant enrichment via anthropogenic runoff, drought and flooding lead to eutrophication and outbreak of cyanobacterial blooms 3,4 . The toxic cyanobacterial blooms can produce and release cyanotoxins, the secondary metabolites of cyanobacteria, into water 5 . Among all the cyanobacterial toxins, microcystins (MCs) represent a family of potent hepatotoxins and are considered as the most resistant of cyanotoxins to degradation because of their stable cyclic peptide structure 6 . To date, over 100 variants of MCs have been isolated, and microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a hydrophobic variant, is considered to be the most commonly occurring and lethal toxin 7 . In fish, MCs accumulate mainly in liver and therefore liver is considered as the first target organ of MCs 8,9 . A provisional safety guideline of 1.0 μg/L MC-LR in drinking water was recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) 10 . MCs are released from the cyanobacterial cells into the water bodies where fish spends their whole life stage, including growth, reproduction and embryonic development 11 . Gonad has been recognized as the second important target organ of MCs 12 and MCs exert negative effects on the reproductive system of fish [13][14][15] . Lysis of the gonadosomatic tissue in ovary and disruption of spermatogenesis in testis were observed in medaka fish exposed to MC-LR 13. Hou et al. also suggested MC-LR had adverse effects on histologic...

Gender‐specific histopathological response in guppies Poecilia reticulata exposed to glyphosate or its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid

“…() and Liu et al . () observed different susceptibility and cellular response according to the gender after exposure to organic and inorganic contaminants. In fact, when studying the effects of microcystin‐LR in zebrafish, Liu et al () reported that the females showed higher sensitivity than males.…”

“…When employed in the experimental studies and biomonitoring programs, Qiao et al (2013) and Liu et al (2016) observed different susceptibility and cellular response according to the gender after exposure to organic and inorganic contaminants. In fact, when studying the effects of microcystin-LR in zebrafish, Liu et al (2016) reported that the females showed higher sensitivity than males. Additionally, transcriptional changes of 22 genes of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis revealed sex-specific responses.…”

Investigation of In Vitro Endocrine Activities of Microcystis and Planktothrix Cyanobacterial Strains

“…Although reproduction is regulated through the endocrine system, it is debated if the reproductive effect of MC exposure is a direct effect on the endocrine system. Furthermore, there are indications that MCs interfere with the endocrine system acting on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in addition to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which includes the estrogens (endogenous hormones related to reproduction) [32,33].…”

Vitamin C protects porcine oocytes from microcystin-LR toxicity during maturation

“…Accumulation of MC-LR has also been reported in reproductive organs, including the connective tissue of the ovary and the testis, as well as in oocytes [15], and can severely impair the function of the reproductive system. In the zebra sh, MC-LR affected the endocrine system and oogenesis, and disrupted the meiotic maturation of oocytes in vitro [16][17][18][19]. MC-LR has also been reported to decrease sperm motility in male rats and induce toxic effects on Sertoli cells of the rat testis [20,21].…”