Sex dichotomy in the course of experimental latent toxoplasmosis

Investigation of Antiparasitic Activity of Two Marine Natural Products, Estradiol Benzoate, and Octyl Gallate, on Toxoplasma gondii In Vitro

“…In our phenotypic experiments, estradiol benzoate was also found to arrest the cell cycle and thereby inhibit tachyzoite proliferation. However, a previous in vivo study showed that the addition of estradiol benzoate to either atovaquone-treated group or the combination treatment of metronidazole and spiramycin did not exhibit more effect in reducing the brain cyst burden in T. gondii -infected male mice ( Hegazy et al, 2019 ). Nevertheless, due to the excellent inhibition efficiency in parasite growth and low cytotoxicity to host cell, we think that the estradiol benzoate treatment conditions, such as dose, period, and route of administration, needed to be further optimized.…”

Effect of sex and genotype of the host on the anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole microcrystals, in the CBi-IGE Trichinella infection murine model

“…A similar effect was observed in CBi+ males, whereas females did not respond to any formulation. It is accepted that parasitic diseases differ in prevalence, course and severity between males and females; biological sex influences physiology, immune responses, drug metabolism, thus affecting the progression of the disease (Nava-Castro et al ., 2012; Dkhil, 2015; Hegazy et al ., 2019; Lockard et al ., 2019). This sex effect was only observed in the resistant line: CBi/L males generally had higher muscle parasite loads compared to females.…”

The role of Nrf2 signaling in parasitic diseases and its therapeutic potential

“…They also reported that one of the mechanisms of IOP-mediated hepatoprotection was its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity by increasing the expression of Nrf2 / HO-1 [ 89 ]. Other complications of T. gondii infection are reproductive dysfunction and a decline in sperm quality and male fertility [ 106 , 107 ]. T. gondii -induced oxidative stress and apoptosis of testicular cells are the main causes of these complications [ 108 , 109 ].…”