Sex difference in the associations of socioeconomic status, cognitive function and brain volume with dementia in old adults: Findings from the OASIS study

Abstract

Background: Sex differences in the association of cognitive function and imaging measures with dementia have not been fully investigated while sex-based investigation of dementia has been discussed. Understanding sex differences in the dementia-related socioeconomic, cognitive, and imaging measurements is important for uncovering sex-related pathways to dementia and facilitating early diagnosis, family planning, and cost control. Methods: We selected data from the Open Access Series of Imaging Studies with longitudinal measurements of brain volumes on 150 individuals aged 60 to 96 years. Dementia status was determined using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale, and Alzheimer's disease was diagnosed as a CDR of ≥ 0.5. Generalized estimating equation models were used to estimate the associations of socioeconomic, cognitive and imaging factors with dementia in men and women. Results: Lower education affected dementia more in women than in men. Age, education, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and normalized whole-brain volume (nWBV) were associated with dementia in women whereas only MMSE and nWBV were associated with dementia in men. Lower socioeconomic status was associated with a reduced estimated total intracranial volume in men, but not in women. Ageing and lower MMSE scores were associated with reduced nWBV in both men and women. Conclusions: The association between education and prevalence of dementia differs in men and women. Women may have more risk factors for dementia than men.

Cholinergic-estrogen interaction is associated with the effect of education on attenuating cognitive sex differences in a Thai healthy population

“…Although the standardization, validity and reliability of WCST as a stand-alone cognitive assessment in healthy adults of various ages and education levels have been established [ 72 ], a battery of cognitive tests is required to unveil the effects of education on different domains of cognition. Aside from education, other environmental factors that have been linked to cognitive sex differences include lifestyle factors [ 73 ], socio-economic status (SES) [ 74 , 75 ], and cultural differences [ 76 , 77 ]. Of these, SES has been proposed to be a factor in the discrepancy of sex difference in cognitive aging [ 75 ].…”