Sex differences and shifts in body composition, physical activity, and total energy expenditure across a 3‐month expedition

Abstract

Objectives: An energetically demanding environment like a wilderness expedition can lead to potent stressors on human physiology and homeostatic balance causing shifts in energy expenditure and body composition.These shifts likely have consequences on overall health and performance and may potentially differ by sex. It is therefore critical to understand the potential differential body composition and energy expenditure changes in response to a novel and challenging environment in both males and female bodies.Methods: Data were collected from 75 healthy individuals (female = 41; ages 18-53) throughout a 3-month long expedition in the American Rockies. Body mass, body fat, and lean muscle mass were measured before, during, and after the course. Physical activity intensity and energy expenditure were also measured in a subset of participants using the wGT3X-BT Actigraph wrist monitor and an accompanying Bluetooth heart rate monitor. Results: Over the 3-month period, individuals initially experienced declines in body mass, body fat percentage, and lean muscle mass. Participants partially rebounded from these deficits to maintain overall body mass with a slight recomposition of body fat and lean muscle mass. Our data also demonstrated that sex moderated total energy expenditure, where females experienced a modest decline whereas males experienced an increase in energy expenditure from the beginning to the end of the course.Conclusions: Understanding changes in energy storage in the body and variation in energy expenditure between sexes during a 3-month expedition has critical implications for maintaining health and performance in an energetically demanding environment where resources may be scarce.

The human biology of spaceflight

“…Our current understanding of evolution is predicated on human variability and plasticity, allowing for phenotypic and genotypic diversity within species (Laland et al, 2015). Previous work by biological anthropologists at extremes has demonstrated the wide range of human function and performance and the possibility for plasticity even within an individual (Frisancho, 2013; Mascie‐Taylor & Bogin, 1995; Niclou et al, 2023; Sarma et al, 2022; Wells & Stock, 2007). This understanding of human variability and diversity fundamentally changes how we should approach humans in space, complementing sociopolitical shifts as spaceflight grows increasingly more global and accessible.…”