2022
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610458
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Sex Differences between Urinary Phthalate Metabolites and Metabolic Syndrome in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Taiwan Biobank Study

Abstract: Background: Phthalates are widely used in consumer products, food packaging, and personal care products, so exposure is widespread. Several studies have investigated the association of phthalate exposure with obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension. However, little is known about the associations of phthalate exposure with sex, age, and menopausal status in metabolic syndrome (MetS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between 11 urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and me… Show more

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Cited by 11 publications
(5 citation statements)
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“…They exhibited a better understanding of basic home-care concepts [ 24 ]. These results differ from previous studies that used healthcare apps only for recording purposes [ 25 , 26 ]. Since the present study did not include a long-term follow-up, it is unclear if delayed effects resulted from the study.…”
Section: Discussioncontrasting
confidence: 99%
“…They exhibited a better understanding of basic home-care concepts [ 24 ]. These results differ from previous studies that used healthcare apps only for recording purposes [ 25 , 26 ]. Since the present study did not include a long-term follow-up, it is unclear if delayed effects resulted from the study.…”
Section: Discussioncontrasting
confidence: 99%
“…We therefore believe that the effect is adverse on testosterone production and probably reduces fertility, but the apparent benefit is that other organs are exposed to lower amounts of phthalates. To some degree our belief is supported by the measurements of phthalate metabolites in urine carried out in human studies, as they show that the metabolism of these substances in the body is sex-dependent (45,46). Direct measurements of samples taken from experimental animals would shed more light on this issue.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 87%
“…Several studies showed a stronger association in men than in women between phthalate metabolites, i.e., MEP, bisphenols (BPA and BPS) or parabens, and risk factors for metabolic syndrome, i.e., general and abdominal obesity, dyslipoproteinemia, hypercholesterolemia and hypertension [ 46 , 57 , 58 , 60 ]. This sex-specific response to MDC exposure may be due to the higher expression of estrogen in women, which plays a protective role in several components of metabolic diseases and the cardiovascular system, including blood pressure and hypertension [ 78 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Risk of bias (RoB) assessment in studies of adults [ 46 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ]. …”
Section: Figurementioning
confidence: 99%