Sex Differences Dictate the Movement Patterns of Striped Hyenas, Hyaena hyaena, in a Human-Dominated Landscape

Abstract

Large-carnivore populations have experienced significant declines in the past centuries in extended parts of the world. Habitat loss, fragmentation, and depletion of natural resources are some of the main causes of this decline. Consequently, behavioral flexibility, enabling the exploitation of anthropogenic food resources in highly disturbed human-dominated landscapes, is becoming critical for the survival of large carnivores. These behavioral changes increase the potential for human-large carnivore conflict and can further intensify carnivore persecution. Here, we examine how land cover types (representing a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance) alter the behavior of striped hyenas (Hyaena hyaena) in a human-dominated landscape in Israel, and whether differences in life history between males and females affect their reaction to such disturbances and consequently their level of exposure to humans. We used a Hidden Markov Model on GPS-tracking data for seven striped hyenas to segment individual-night trajectories into behavioral states (resting, searching, and traveling). We then used multinomial logistic regression to model hyenas’ behavioral state as a function of the interaction between land cover and sex. Females traveled less than males both in terms of average distance traveled per hour, per night, and nightly net displacement. Most steps were classified as “searching” for females and as “traveling” for males. Female hyenas spent a higher proportion of time in human-dominated areas and a lower proportion in natural areas compared to males, and they were also more likely to be found close to settlements than males. Females changed their time allocation between natural and human-dominated areas, spending more time resting than traveling in natural areas but not in human-dominated ones; males spent more time searching than resting in human-dominated areas but were equally likely to rest or search in natural ones. The differences in life history between male and female hyenas may reflect different motivations for space use as a means to optimize fitness, which affects their exposure to humans and therefore their potential involvement in human-hyenas conflict. Understanding the mechanisms that lead to behavioral change in response to human disturbance is important for adaptive management and promoting human large-carnivores co-existence in general.

Spatial modeling of road collisions of striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) in Israel

“…Yom-Tov et al, 2020). Furthermore, although previous studies treat the human-striped hyena interaction as a conflict and even suggest measures such as sterilization (Bar-Ziv et al, 2022), we do not consider this as a viable option and recommend the initiation of a management program that will consider the more humane approach to allow the hyena populations to persist in the increasingly human-disturbed landscape.…”

“…This is needed because studies have shown that the distribution and densities do not demonstrate a climatic or geographic gradient (Shamoon & Shapira, 2019). Furthermore, although striped hyenas are considered to have large home ranges (Holekamp & Kolowski, 2009), it was also found that there are differences in the movement patterns of the sexes and that females were greatly restricted in their movements and appeared to frequent urban areas more than the males (Bar-Ziv et al, 2022). Hence, a more detailed study is needed to understand if this difference between the sexes also results in biased mortality in the striped hyena.…”

“…The temporal distribution of these incidents demonstrated that the most significant number occurred in the winter, during the morning hours between 0800 and 1100 in arid and semiarid desert habitats crossed by roads. Considering the somewhat nocturnal activity of this animal (Bar‐Ziv et al, 2022; Kruuk, 1976; Skinner & Ilani, 2013), it is surprising that the number of road incidents occurs an hour after sunrise. We suspect two possible reasons—first, an artifact resulting from the limitations of the data collecting methodology.…”

“…For years, they have been described as elusive, cryptic, nocturnal, and solitary (Hofer & Mills, 1998a, 1998b; Kruuk, 1976; Rieger, 1981). They are mainly found in semiarid and arid regions (Bar‐Ziv et al, 2022; Skinner & Ilani, 2013). However, recent studies appear to contradict these conclusions.…”

Review of the global research on Hyaenidae and implications for conservation and management

“…For example, brown hyaena consume livestock carcasses and human-generated refuse without necessarily incurring human-hyaena conflicts (Maude & Mills 2005), while striped hyaena can also persist within human-dominated landscapes, with predictable anthropogenic food sources as a key correlate of conflict (e.g. Bar-Ziv et al 2022).…”