Sex Differences in Comorbidities of Pediatric Craniosynostosis at Presentation

Abstract

Introduction: Craniosynostosis is a common pediatric presentation in which the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures results in a misshapen skull. This birth defect is often associated with comorbidities due to structural impacts on nearby anatomical features. While there is some evidence for a male-predominance among craniosynostosis patients, little has been investigated regarding sex differences in comorbidities of this condition. This study seeks to explore potential sexual dimorphisms in craniosynostosis patients at the time of presentation. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional review of male and female non-syndromic craniosynostosis (NSC) patients between the ages of 1 month and 9 years that were evaluated at a 500-bed academic hospital or a 977-bed private hospital in Lubbock, Texas, United States. Common comorbidities including ophthalmologic diagnoses, developmental delays, obstructive sleep apnea, chronic otitis media, hearing loss, chronic headaches, and seizure disorders were evaluated. The NSC cohort was compared to a similarly-aged trauma group that represented the normal population. Results: 175 NSC patients fit the inclusion criteria, of which 109 (62%) were male. A diagnosis of craniosynostosis was significantly associated with ophthalmological diagnoses (p < 0.0001), chronic otitis media (p < 0.0001), developmental delays (p < 0.0001), and hearing loss (p = 0.0047). Male NSC patients were less likely to present with ophthalmological diagnoses (p = 0.0010) or hearing loss (p = 0.0052) than females. Conclusions: Our findings expand on current literature evaluating possible comorbidities of NSC, particularly supporting the association with ophthalmological diagnoses, chronic otitis media, developmental delays, and hearing loss. We also report sex differences in ophthalmological diagnoses and hearing loss for NSC patients. These findings can serve to educate physicians of symptoms requiring prompt recognition and management in these patients.