Sex Differences in Counting and Timing

Williams, Christina L.

doi:10.3389/fnint.2011.00088

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 95 publications

(96 reference statements)

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“…In addition to the potential developmental effects, performance on the peak interval task is likely modulated by hormonal effects. Ovarian hormones are known to affect interval timing (Ross and Santi, 2000 ; Morofushi et al, 2001 ; Sandstrom, 2007 ; Pleil et al, 2011 ; Williams, 2012 ) such that intact females at different stages of their cycle may perform notably differently. This may account for the lack of a significant relationship between peak interval timing and our delay discounting score in females—as can be seen in Figure 5 where females show a wider range of imprecision in timing than males.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolating the delay component of impulsive choice in adolescent rats

McClure

Podos

Richardson

2014

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

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Impulsive choice—the preference for small immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards—has been linked to various psychological conditions ranging from behavioral disorders to addiction. These links highlight the critical need to dissect the various components of this multifaceted behavioral trait. Delay discounting tasks allow researchers to study an important factor of this behavior: how the subjective value of a rewards changes over a delay period. However, existing methods of delay discounting include a confound of different reward sizes within the procedure. Here we present a new approach of using a single constant reward size to assess delay discounting. A complementary approach could hold delay constant and assess the utility of changing quantities of a reward. Isolating these behavioral components can advance our ability to explore the behavioral complexity of impulsive choice. We present in detail the methods for isolating delay, and further capitalize on this method by pairing it with a standard peak interval task to test whether individual variation in delay discounting can be explained by differences in perception of time in male and female adolescent rats. We find that rats that were more precise in discriminating time intervals were also less impulsive in their choice. Our data suggest that differences in timing and delay discounting are not causally related, but instead are more likely influenced by a common factor. Further, the mean-level change in our measure between post-natal day 28 and 42 suggests this test may be capturing a developmental change in this factor. In summary, this new method of isolating individual components of impulsive choice (delay or quantity) can be efficiently applied in either adolescent or adult animal models and may help elucidate the mechanisms underlying impulsivity and its links to psychological disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolating the delay component of impulsive choice in adolescent rats

McClure

Podos

Richardson

2014

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

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“… Williams (2012) suggested that sex differences in timing might be due to the effects of circulating estrogen in adult females versus testosterone in adult males. Besides that, gonadal hormones had been found to influence sexual motivation ( Wallen, 2001 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Time Slows Down Whenever You Are Around” for Women but Not for Men

et al. 2021

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What happens when we unexpectedly see an attractive potential partner? Previous studies in laboratory settings suggest that the visualization of attractive and unattractive photographs influences the perception of time. The major aim of this research is to study time perception and attraction in a realistic social scenario, by investigating if changes in subjective time measured during a speed dating are associated with attraction. The duration of the dates was variable and participants had to estimate the time that passed. Among other measures, participants also rated the potential partners in terms of their physical attractiveness before and after the dates and reported if they would like to exchange contact with them. Results showed that, in a real speed dating situation, when there is a perception of the partner as being physically more attractive, women tend to overestimate the duration of that meeting, whereas men tend to underestimate its duration. Such changes may reflect evolutionary adaptations which make the human cognitive system more responsive in situations related to reproductive fitness.

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“…The interval timing and numerical abilities identified in nonhuman animals, human infants, and children may represent biological and developmental precursors of adults' highly developed computational abilities (Buhusi and Cordes, 2011 ; Lustig, 2011 ; Williams, 2011 ). For instance, at the perceptual level, non-humans and infants appear capable of making magnitude estimates of duration, numerosity and area (i.e., that a given stimulus is presented for “more” time than another, or contains “more” elements—this basic ability is the focus of our review).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studying the atypical development of NEUTIN has the potential to developmentally tease apart the aforementioned accounts, but also to improve understanding of these disorders and their therapeutic and educational remediation. With the exception of Williams and Down syndrome (which have a genetic basis), the disorders included in this review are characterized on the basis of observable behavioral (rather than biomedical) features, and as such, it is useful to know the extent of sensitivity and adaption to time, numerosity and space in these populations—as these types of impairments might contribute to clinical symptoms (and have a “knock-on” effect in development; see also Williams, 2011 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental neuroscience of time and number: implications for autism and other neurodevelopmental disabilities

Allman

Pelphrey

Meck

2012

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

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Estimations of time and number share many similarities in both non-humans and man. The primary focus of this review is on the development of time and number sense across infancy and childhood, and neuropsychological findings as they relate to time and number discrimination in infants and adults. Discussion of these findings is couched within a mode-control model of timing and counting which assumes time and number share a common magnitude representation system. A basic sense of time and number likely serves as the foundation for advanced numerical and temporal competence, and aspects of higher cognition—this will be discussed as it relates to typical childhood, and certain developmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder. Directions for future research in the developmental neuroscience of time and number (NEUTIN) will also be highlighted.

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Sex Differences in Counting and Timing

Cited by 6 publications

References 95 publications

Isolating the delay component of impulsive choice in adolescent rats

Isolating the delay component of impulsive choice in adolescent rats

“Time Slows Down Whenever You Are Around” for Women but Not for Men

Developmental neuroscience of time and number: implications for autism and other neurodevelopmental disabilities

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