Sex-differences in elite-performance track and field competition from 1983 to 2015

Ospina-Betancurt, Jonathan; Zakynthinaki, Maria S.; Martínes-Patiño, Maria Jose; Martinez, Carlos Cordente; Fernández, Carmen Rodríguez

doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1373197

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The IAAF offered a rare opportunity to Martínez-Patiño to provide oral testimony in the case of the Indian athlete Dutee Chand. The Athletics Federation of India suspended her from taking part in national and international competitions for the reasons set out under the “IAAF Regulations Governing Eligibility of Females with Hyperandrogenism to Compete in Women’s Competition.” Chand lodged an appeal with the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) against the Athletics Federation of India and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) (Ospina Betancurt et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Dutee Chand’s Case Martinez-patiño’s Witness Statement and Caster Semenya’s Casementioning

confidence: 99%

The End of Compulsory Gender Verification: Is It Progress for Inclusion of Women in Sports?

2021

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Recently, the so-called Semenya case has brought the problem of gender in sports competitions back into the spotlight. But the fact is that it is not a unique case; rather, it seems a recurrent and inconclusive problem in the history of sports. In this context, the Spanish athlete Martínez-Patiño is an important figure in the history of sport and gender verification, as well as the Indian sprinter Dutee Chand. Martínez-Patiño’s story thus serves as an important case study of the gender-based anxieties that hampered women’s advancement in track and field. Martínez-Patiño’s experience in Spanish athletics demonstrates the difficulties women faced when attempting to compete in track and field, both in Spain and internationally. Moreover, her experience with gender policies shows the inadequacies of the chromosomal check as a sex marker, as well as the harms caused by the technique. Finally, Martínez-Patiño’s protest of the International Association of Athletics Federations’ policy started to dismantle compulsory sex verification used as a criterion for gender eligibility. The publicity surrounding her case pushed the track and field federation to abandon mandatory, on-site testing in 1992. Seven years later, the International Olympic Committee also dropped its compulsory control. Martínez-Patiño became the face of the fight against sex/gender verification in sport and helped dismantle the practice. The case of Martinez-Patiño remains in the collective memory of elite sports and serves as an argument for national and international sporting institutions to reconsider discriminating policies in the context of progress being made for women’s rights.

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Section: Dutee Chand’s Case Martinez-patiño’s Witness Statement and Caster Semenya’s Casementioning

confidence: 99%

The End of Compulsory Gender Verification: Is It Progress for Inclusion of Women in Sports?

2021

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“…Differences in performances between men and women in Athletics has been extensively examined [ 13 ]. Both longitudinal evaluations [ 14 ] of gender-based performance differences over long time frames and cross-sectional differences in shorter time frames [ 15 ] have been conducted for events in Athletics. Long term studies have indicated that gender differences have been persistent in both differences in absolute performance (e.g., running times, distances jumped) and modeled power production [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Long term studies have indicated that gender differences have been persistent in both differences in absolute performance (e.g., running times, distances jumped) and modeled power production [ 14 ]. In the horizontal jumps, differences between men’s and women’s performances have been found to range between 17 and 20% in the long jump and 15 and 18% in the triple jump in the years from 1983 to 2015 depending on the curve fitting approach used [ 15 ]. These approaches have not looked at the differences in relative performance of athletes compared to top performances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olympic cycle periodicity in women’s long and triple jumping performance between 1996 and 2019

Taha

Roach

2023

PLoS ONE

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Performance variability is present in a series of competition results in athletics. Some of the variability is random and some can be attributed to factors such as the environment and changes in the level of physical, mental, and technical states of the athlete. Changes in the state of the athlete may be due to the competition schedule. It has been shown that there is periodicity in performance aligned with the seasonal competition schedule in athletics and with the Olympic cycle in pooled athletics data dating from 1896 to 2008. We investigated whether Olympic cycle periodicity was present in modern era long and triple jumping in elite men and women. Top 50 performances per year in the horizontal jumps in men and women from 1996 to 2019 were used. Each performance was normalized to the best result from the previous Olympic year. Two-way ANOVAs revealed significantly lower mean normalized performances in top ten women compared to top ten men (p < 0.001) in both jumps. In both jumps, ten top-performing women also showed decreases between the Olympic year mean normalized performances and the 1st year following (Long Jump: p = 0.022, Triple Jump: p = 0.008). In triple jump, the decrease in performance was also found in the second year following the Olympics. Performances deciles ranked from 11th to 50th place showed a similar pattern in women’s triple jump but only for ranks 11 to 20 in the women’s long jump. The findings suggest that periodicity driven by the Olympic cycle exists in women’s long and triple jump at the elite level.

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“…Peak performance in running and jumping events are almost equal in boys and girls until the age of 12 y, after which there are greater increases in strength and power in boys (Malina et al, 1997; Tonnessen et al, 2015). In general, sex differences in peak performance range between 10 and 12% for running events and 19% for jumping events (Cheuvront, Carter, Deruisseau, & Moffatt, 2005; Ospina‐Betancurt, Zakynthinaki, Martínes‐Patiño, Cordente Martinez, & Rodríguez Fernández, 2018; Seiler, De Koning, & Foster, 2007; Thibault et al, 2010). Differences beyond this age have been attributed to hormone‐dependent and red blood cell mass changes in physiological properties (Goswami, Roy, Dalui, & Bandyopadhyay, 2014; Ospina‐Betancurt & Zakynthinaki, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of elite athletes’ performance by analysis of peak‐performance age and age‐related performance progression

Gorzi

Khantan

Khademnoe

et al. 2021

European Journal of Sport Science

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The aim of this study was to analyse age-related performance progression and peak-performance age (PPA) in elite track and field athletes and to use a model to predict peak performance. Best performances of world-class athletes from ages 14 to 15 y up to and including the last Olympic year (n = 798), all-time top lists (n = 444), and world record-holders (n = 43) were considered in all 22 disciplines for men and 21 disciplines for women. A discipline/sex-specified model was used by applying dynamic panel data methods to analyze the performance trends. Profile analysis showed that PPA of all-time top list throwers was higher than middle-distance runners (P < 0.001), distance runners (P < 0.05), and jumpers (P < 0.05) in men and higher (P < 0.05) than middle-distance runners in women. Olympic year top list athletes showed that PPA of women throwers was higher than sprinters (P < 0.001) and middle-distance runners (P < 0.05), and PPA of women distance runners was higher (P < 0.05) than sprinters. In both all-time (P < 0.05) and Olympic year (P < 0.05) top lists, the PPA of men race walkers was higher than middle-distance runners. Performance over the preceding 1-2 years (in all disciplines), height (in Long Jump Men; Long Jump Women; Triple Jump Men) and weight (in Discus Throwing Men) indices, respectively, are important (P < 0.05) for predicting future records with different coefficients in different disciplines. The models provide a useful tool for coaches to predict peak performance records and PPA of their athletes which may be of benefit with goal-setting and evaluation of performance progression at different ages in track and field athletics.

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Sex-differences in elite-performance track and field competition from 1983 to 2015

Cited by 8 publications

References 7 publications

The End of Compulsory Gender Verification: Is It Progress for Inclusion of Women in Sports?

The End of Compulsory Gender Verification: Is It Progress for Inclusion of Women in Sports?

Olympic cycle periodicity in women’s long and triple jumping performance between 1996 and 2019

Prediction of elite athletes’ performance by analysis of peak‐performance age and age‐related performance progression

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