Sex Differences in Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Muenchhoff, Maximilian; Goulder, Philip

doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu232

Cited by 325 publications

(306 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…After this age, the rate of illness falls as the first infections induce a certain level of immunity, which protects against following incidences (Yu et al, 2015). Gender is also important, because of differences in immune system functioning between girls and boys, and because girls have been shown to have lower morbidity and mortality rates than boys (Muenchhoff & Goulder, 2014).…”

Section: Control Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clean water, sanitation and diarrhoea in Indonesia: Effects of household and community factors

Komarulzaman

Smits

Jong

2016

Global Public Health

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Diarrhoea is an important health issue in low-and middle-income countries, including Indonesia. We applied a multilevel regression analysis on the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey to examine the effects of drinking water and sanitation facilities at the household and community level on diarrhoea prevalence among children under five (n = 33,339). The role of the circumstances was explored by studying interactions between the water and sanitation variables and other risk factors. Diarrhoea prevalence was reported by 4820 (14.4%) children, who on average were younger, poorer and were living in a poorer environment. At the household level, piped water was significantly associated with diarrhoea prevalence (OR = 0.797, 95% CI: 0.692-0.918), improved sanitation had no direct effect (OR = 0.992, 95% CI: 0.899-1.096) and water treatment was not related to diarrhoea incidence (OR = 1.106, 95% CI: 0.994-1.232). At the community level, improved water coverage had no direct effect (OR = 1.002, 95% CI: 0.950-1.057) but improved sanitation coverage was associated with lower diarrhoea prevalence (OR = 0.917, 95% CI: 0.843-0.998). Our interaction analysis showed that the protective effects of better sanitation at the community level were increased by better drinking water at the community level. This illustrates the importance of improving both drinking water and sanitation simultaneously. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Control Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clean water, sanitation and diarrhoea in Indonesia: Effects of household and community factors

Komarulzaman

Smits

Jong

2016

Global Public Health

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“…These sex differences are thought to be due to biological and behavioral differences between men and women, but the precise mechanisms are poorly understood. Furthermore, the effects of sex on infectious disease susceptibility seem to vary with age [2,3]. For example, previous reports suggest that male subjects tend to have an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases during childhood, whereas female subjects are at greater risk of infection during pregnancy [2].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent Sex Disparities in Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases in the Conjugate Vaccine Era

Maurice¹,

Schaffner

Griffin

et al. 2016

J Infect Dis.

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Background. Few studies have characterized the role of sex on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). We examined sex differences in rates of IPD, and trends after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs).Methods. We used active population and laboratory-based IPD surveillance data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Active Bacterial Core surveillance program (1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013) in Tennessee. Population-based rates of IPD by sex, race, age group, and PCV era were calculated. Rates were compared using incidence rate ratios.Results. Throughout the study years, rates of IPD were higher in male than in female subjects, particularly in children <2 years and adults 40-64 years of age, with male subjects having IPD rates 1.5-2 times higher than female subjects. The proportions of comorbid conditions were similar in male and female subjects . Sex rate differences persisted after stratification by race. Although the introductions of 7-valent PCV (PCV7) and 13-valent PCV (PCV13) were associated with declines in IPD rates in both sexes, rates of IPD after PCV13 were still significantly higher in male than in female subjects among children and adults 40-64 and >74 years of age.Conclusions. Rates of IPD were generally higher in male than in female subjects. These sex differences were observed in different race groups and persisted after introduction of both PCVs.

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“…Previous studies have shown that girls produce stronger immune responses to several viruses [12,13]. Thus, our observation may reflect a difference in immune responsiveness to influenza A virus rather than in the number of infections per se.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Influenza A virus antibodies show no association with pancreatic islet autoantibodies in children genetically predisposed to type 1 diabetes

et al. 2015

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Aims/hypothesis Viral infections have long been considered potential triggers of beta cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. Recent studies have suggested that influenza A virus might increase the risk of type 1 diabetes. The present study evaluates this risk association in prospectively observed children at the time when islet autoimmunity starts and autoantibodies are first detected. Methods IgG class antibodies to influenza A virus were analysed in 95 case children whose antibody screening test turned permanently positive for two or more islet autoantibodies and from 186 autoantibody-negative and non-diabetic control children who were matched for time of birth, sex, date of sampling and HLA-conferred risk of diabetes in the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) study. Virus antibodies were measured from the first autoantibody-positive sample using an enzyme immunoassay. None of the children had been vaccinated against influenza A. Results The prevalence of influenza A virus antibodies did not differ between the case and control children (42% vs 38%; p=0.392) and the median antibody levels were also comparable in the two groups (3.0 vs 3.8 enzyme immunoassay units). A similar result was obtained when case and control children were compared separately in subgroups according to different sex, age and HLA-DQ genotype. However, girls had higher antibody levels than boys among both case and control children (median antibody levels 9.0 vs 2.3 enzyme immunoassay units; p=0.01). Conclusions/interpretation Our results suggest that influenza A infections are not associated with the development of islet autoimmunity in young children with increased genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes.

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Sex Differences in Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Cited by 325 publications

References 58 publications

Clean water, sanitation and diarrhoea in Indonesia: Effects of household and community factors

Clean water, sanitation and diarrhoea in Indonesia: Effects of household and community factors

Persistent Sex Disparities in Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases in the Conjugate Vaccine Era

Influenza A virus antibodies show no association with pancreatic islet autoantibodies in children genetically predisposed to type 1 diabetes

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