Sex differences in postprandial responses to different dairy products on lipoprotein subclasses: a randomised controlled cross-over trial

Hansson, Patrik; Holven, Kirsten B.; Øyri, Linn Kristin Lie; Brekke, Hilde Kristin; Gjevestad, Gyrd Omholt; Thoresen, Magne; Ulven, Stine Marie

doi:10.1017/s0007114519001429

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…In addition, here we report for the first time significant effects of the Exercise treatment on blood 0 Particle concentration of HDL-P subclasses and HDL-C increase during gestation and decline after delivery, to levels slightly elevated at 3 months postpartum compared to 1-3 years postpartum (37). Baseline concentrations of HDL-P subclasses in our population were similar or slightly elevated compared to non-pregnant, non-lactating women of the same age group (38). Thus, a decline in the concentration of HDL subclasses was likely ongoing at baseline in our study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Effects of dietary and exercise treatments on HDL subclasses in lactating women with overweight and obesity: a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial

et al. 2022

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Childbearing decreases High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), potentially contributing to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in parous women. Large HDL particles (HDL-P) are associated with lower risk of CVD. In this secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial, we investigated the effects of 12-week Dietary and Exercise treatments on HDL-P subclass concentration, size and apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) in lactating women with overweight/obesity. At 10-14 weeks postpartum, 68 women with pre-pregnant BMI 25-35 kg/m2 were randomised to four groups using 2x2 factorial design: 1) Dietary treatment for weight loss 2) Exercise treatment, 3) both treatments and 4) no treatment. Lipoprotein subclass profiling by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy was performed in serum at randomisation and after 3- and 12-months, and the results analysed with two-way ANCOVA. Lipid concentrations decline naturally postpartum. At 3 months (5-6 months postpartum), both Diet (p=0.003) and Exercise (p=0.008) reduced small HDL-P concentration. Concurrently, Exercise limited the decline in very large HDL-P (p=0.002) and the effect was still significant at 12 months (15 months postpartum) (p=0.041). At 12 months, Diet limited the decline in very large HDL-P (p=0.005), large HDL-P (p=0.001) and apoA1 (p=0.002) as well as HDL size (p=0.002). The Dietary treatment for weight loss and the Exercise treatment both showed effects on HDL-P subclasses in lactating women with overweight and obesity possibly associated with lower CVD-risk. The Dietary treatment had more effects than the Exercise treatment at 12 months, likely associated with a 10% weight loss.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Effects of dietary and exercise treatments on HDL subclasses in lactating women with overweight and obesity: a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial

et al. 2022

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“…However, over the past 10 years a consensus of studies has built which has questioned the assumption of adverse effects for dairy-origin SFAs for both CV and T2D outcomes. Notably, it is no longer adequate to consider nutrients in isolation, with evidence that the complex matrix of a food may be equally or more important than the fatty acid content and composition alone when predicting cardiometabolic risk (3,10,11). It has been proposed that in a complex dairy food such as cheese, for example, the effect of SFAs on blood lipids and disease risk may be counterbalanced by the content of protein, calcium, or other dietary components (23,129).…”

Section: Dairy and The Saturated Fat Controversymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is also a new but growing consensus that the matrix of a whole-fat food such as dairy may be more important than the content and composition of component isolated fatty acids. Such that food-based rather than nutrient-based recommendations should be developed for CV health (3,10,11). It is notable however that the predominance of this evidence is obtained from observational studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cow's Milk and Dairy Consumption: Is There Now Consensus for Cardiometabolic Health?

Poppitt

2020

Front. Nutr.

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Cow's milk and dairy products derived from this complex food source have long been proposed as beneficial to human health, yet underlying clinical evidence of direct benefit continues to raise controversy. Limited evidence supports positive cardiometabolic effects of a number of dairy macro- and micronutrient components including whey protein and casein, unsaturated fats, milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and polar phospholipids, vitamin D and calcium, in addition to non-bovine components including bacterial and yeast probiotics. More controversial remain lipid components trans fats, including trans vaccenic acid, trans palmitoleic acid, and conjugated cis trans linoleic acid (CLA), plus medium-chain and odd-chain dairy fats. New evidence is rapidly identifying multiple pathways by which these dairy nutrients may effect health. Processing, including fermentation and homogenization, may also have positive effects. Conversely, the high saturated fat content of dairy has long raised concern, aligned with international guidelines to minimize dietary intake of animal-origin saturated fatty acids (SFA) to achieve better cardiometabolic health. However, led in part by observational studies and meta-analyses showing dairy to have no or even an inverse association with cardiometabolic health, evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has been scrutinized over the last 5 years, and focus on low-fat dairy has been challenged. Recent evidence supports the hypothesis that adverse effects of SFAs on metabolic health may be ameliorated when these fats are consumed within a complex matrix such as milk, cheese or yogurt, and that dairy food categories may influence outcomes as much as total fat content. For example, yogurt and high-fat, high-SFA cheese have a negative association with risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in many, not all, published trials. However, large sample dairy RCTs of long duration with CVD or T2D incidence as primary endpoints are lacking. This is a clear research gap, with these clinical studies required if a causative link between dairy and improved cardiometabolic health is to be confirmed and in turn promoted through dietary guidelines. Current advisories from national guidance groups such as American Heart Association (AHA) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) continue to promote consumption of low-fat dairy products, whilst liquid milk and yogurt remain part of nutrition guidelines from joint American Diabetes Association (ADA)/European Association for Study of Diabetes (EASD) reports, and as part of a “no-one-size-fits-all” answer to diet and T2D by the ADA in their most recent 2019 Consensus Report.

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“…Cross-sectional analyses have shown less atherogenic lipoprotein subfraction profiles characterized by smallersized very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), larger-sized LDLs, and/or larger-sized HDLs in females relative to males (16, [34][35][36][37][38][39]. Studies have overall reported lower levels of large/medium VLDLs and higher concentrations of large/medium HDLs in females compared with males (16, [36][37][38]40), as well as lower TAGs and higher HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) (14,16,(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48), while the sex differences were more variable in other lipoprotein subfractions and lipids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-specific responses in glucose-insulin homeostasis and lipoprotein-lipid components after high-dose supplementation with marine n-3 PUFAs in abdominal obesity: a randomized double-blind crossover study

et al. 2023

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BackgroundClinical studies on effects of marine-derived omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and the plant-derived omega-6 (n-6) PUFA linoleic acid (LA) on lipoprotein-lipid components and glucose-insulin homeostasis have shown conflicting results, which may partly be explained by differential responses in females and males. However, we have lacked data on sexual dimorphism in the response of cardiometabolic risk markers following increased consumption of n-3 or n-6 PUFAs.ObjectiveTo explore sex-specific responses after n-3 (EPA + DHA) or n-6 (LA) PUFA supplementation on circulating lipoprotein subfractions, standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acids in red blood cell membranes, and markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity among people with abdominal obesity.MethodsThis was a randomized double-blind crossover study with two 7-week intervention periods separated by a 9-week washout phase. Females (n = 16) were supplemented with 3 g/d of EPA + DHA (fish oil) or 15 g/d of LA (safflower oil), while males (n = 23) received a dose of 4 g/d of EPA + DHA or 20 g/d of LA. In fasting blood samples, we measured lipoprotein particle subclasses, standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acid profiles, and markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity.ResultsThe between-sex difference in relative change scores was significant after n-3 for total high-density lipoproteins (females/males: −11%*/−3.3%, p = 0.036; *: significant within-sex change), high-density lipoprotein particle size (+2.1%*/−0.1%, p = 0.045), and arachidonic acid (−8.3%*/−12%*, p = 0.012), and after n-6 for total (+37%*/+2.1%, p = 0.041) and small very-low-density lipoproteins (+97%*/+14%, p = 0.021), and lipoprotein (a) (−16%*/+0.1%, p = 0.028). Circulating markers of glucose-insulin homeostasis differed significantly after n-3 for glucose (females/males: −2.1%/+3.9%*, p = 0.029), insulin (−31%*/+16%, p < 0.001), insulin C-peptide (−12%*/+13%*, p = 0.001), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index 2 (−12%*/+14%*, p = 0.001) and insulin sensitivity index 2 (+14%*/−12%*, p = 0.001), and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+4.9%*/−3.4%*, p < 0.001).ConclusionWe found sex-specific responses after high-dose n-3 (but not n-6) supplementation in circulating markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity, which improved in females but worsened in males. This may partly be related to the sex differences we observed in several components of the lipoprotein-lipid profile following the n-3 intervention.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier [NCT02647333].

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Sex differences in postprandial responses to different dairy products on lipoprotein subclasses: a randomised controlled cross-over trial

Cited by 5 publications

References 52 publications

Effects of dietary and exercise treatments on HDL subclasses in lactating women with overweight and obesity: a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial

Effects of dietary and exercise treatments on HDL subclasses in lactating women with overweight and obesity: a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial

Cow's Milk and Dairy Consumption: Is There Now Consensus for Cardiometabolic Health?

Sex-specific responses in glucose-insulin homeostasis and lipoprotein-lipid components after high-dose supplementation with marine n-3 PUFAs in abdominal obesity: a randomized double-blind crossover study

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