Sex differences in preschool children without histories of complications of pregnancy and delivery.

Pedersen, Frank A.; Bell, Richard Q.

doi:10.1037/h0029408

Cited by 84 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In these cases no sex differences were found contrary to the results of PEDERSEN and BELL (1970) for human children and the present study on gorillas, who both observed more locomotion in males. FREEMAN and ALCOCK (1973) noted a higher frequency in nest building in female gorilla juveniles than in males, as was also found in this study in infants and juveniles.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

Sex differences in the behaviour of immature captive lowland gorillas

Meder

1990

Primates

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ABSTRACT. Studies of the behaviour of 26 (12 males and 14 females) captive infant and juvenile lowland gorillas showed clear sex differences. Females showed greater interest in young infants and were more active in nest building as well as in solitary and social grooming. Males were more active in locomotive, dominance, and aggressive behaviour and in social play. Hand-rearing further increased aggression. Males were more aggressive when they lived with only one partner, and they rose in rank even above older females, a pattern that has not been observed in naturally reared gorillas.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

Sex differences in the behaviour of immature captive lowland gorillas

Meder

1990

Primates

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“…Noteworthy in this discussion is the evidence from toy preference studies which points to early sex typing of toy choice in boys and girls. By preschool age girls sew, string beads, play at housekeeping; boys play with guns, toy trucks, tractors, blocks, fire engines and do carpentry {Clark etal., 1969, Pederson andBell, 1970). While there is a clear difference in toy preference between the sexes, there is no evidence for any relationship between these preferences or modes of play and development of visuospatial skills in adulthood.…”

Section: Influence O F Environmentmentioning

confidence: 90%

Sex Differences in Cognitive Functioning: Evidence, Determinants, Implications

1980

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The purpose of this article is to examine the evidence for sex differences in cognitive functioning and to review and evaluate evidence for hormonal, genetic, neuro-anatomical, and cultural determinants of such differences. Inadequacies in the evidence for sex differences, such as underreporting of negative findings, failure to measure effect size, small sample sizes, etc., are noted. It is likely that sex hormones influence the organization and functioning of the brain. Sex differences in brain organization and functioning are discussed. In summary, the existence of sex differences in cognitive functioning is clear, but further research is needed to elucidate the determinants of these differences.

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“…It is also noteworthy that girls report being more fearful and timid in uncertain situations than boys and are more cautious and take fewer risks than boys (Christopherson, 1989;Ginsburg & Miller, 1982). Girls are also more compliant than boys beginning in the toddler period and throughout childhood (Kochanska & Aksan, in press;Minton, Kagan, & Levine, 1971;Pederson & Bell, 1970;Smith & Dagliesh, 1977), and girls are more prone to anxiety disorders (Weissman, 1985).…”

Section: An Adaptationist Perspective On Conscientiousnessmentioning

confidence: 93%

Evolution, the Five‐Factor Model, and Levels of Personality

MacDonald

1995

Journal of Personality

267

171

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This article interprets the five-factor model as subsuming variation in normative, species-typical systems with adaptive functions in the human environment of evolutionary adaptedness. It is argued that the evolutionary logic of personality systems is apparent in the patteming of mean sex differences in personality. Personality systems are conceptualized as evolved motivational systems with an affective core. The evolved motive dispositions at the core of personality anchor a hierarchy of levels of cognitive and behavioral functioning aimed at attaining or avoiding the affective states central to these personality systems. Personality systems are seen as often in dynamic conflict within individuals and as highly compartmentalized in their functioning between settings. While variation iti personality consists of a range of viable strategies for humans, extremes on these systems tend to be maladaptive, although in at least some cases individuals who approach the maladaptive extremes of individual variation may be viewed as engagitig in high-risk evolutionary strategies. Within this wide range of viable strategies, personality variation functions as a resource environment for individuals in the sense that personality variation is evaluated according to the interests of the evaluator.The five-factor model (FFM) emerges from the English lexicon and can be understood as reflecting independent dimensions of human functioning from the point of view of an observer (Goldberg, 1981). The proposal is that the factors identified by the FFM denote variation in a set of semantically linked subsystems which evolved in order to solve adaptive I wish to acknowledge the very useful comments on previous versions of this manuscript made by

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Sex differences in preschool children without histories of complications of pregnancy and delivery.

Cited by 84 publications

References 30 publications

Sex differences in the behaviour of immature captive lowland gorillas

Sex differences in the behaviour of immature captive lowland gorillas

Sex Differences in Cognitive Functioning: Evidence, Determinants, Implications

Evolution, the Five‐Factor Model, and Levels of Personality

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