Sex differences in preterm nutrition and growth: the evidence from human milk associated studies

Alur, Pradeep; Ramarao, Sumana

doi:10.1038/s41372-022-01354-0

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Intrauterine and postnatal growth nomograms are sex-specific. There is increasing evidence showing that from fetal life, boys and girls have different responses to maternal nutrition, and that maternal breastmilk composition differs based on fetal sex [ 45 ]. Furthermore, early neonatal nutritional interventions affect boys and girls differently, and early nutrition has sex-specific effects on both body composition and neurodevelopmental outcomes [ 46 , 47 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of gender medicine on neonatology: the disadvantage of being male: a narrative review

et al. 2023

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This narrative non-systematic review addresses the sex-specific differences observed both in prenatal period and, subsequently, in early childhood. Indeed, gender influences the type of birth and related complications. The risk of preterm birth, perinatal diseases, and differences on efficacy for pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies, as well as prevention programs, will be evaluated. Although male newborns get more disadvantages, the physiological changes during growth and factors like social, demographic, and behavioural reverse this prevalence for some diseases. Therefore, given the primary role of genetics in gender differences, further studies specifically targeted neonatal sex-differences will be needed to streamline medical care and improve prevention programs.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of gender medicine on neonatology: the disadvantage of being male: a narrative review

et al. 2023

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“…This topic has been extensively dealt with recently elsewhere, and we will summarize the findings in this review ( 13 , 125 ). As discussed in this review, growth rates differ between male and female fetuses.…”

Section: Part I Sex Differences In Neonatal Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Both animals and humans produce sex-specific nutrient composition in breast milk. Human studies have shown that carbohydrate and caloric content may be higher in breast milk for male infants ( 125 ). According to the Add-Health study ( 130 ), breastfeeding had an impact on the growth of same-sex twins.…”

Section: Part I Sex Differences In Neonatal Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of sex, race, and social determinants of health on neonatal outcomes

Alur,

Holla,

Hussain

2024

Front. Pediatr.

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Despite the global improvements in neonatal outcomes, mortality and morbidity rates among preterm infants are still unacceptably high. Therefore, it is crucial to thoroughly analyze the factors that affect these outcomes, including sex, race, and social determinants of health. By comprehending the influence of these factors, we can work towards reducing their impact and enhancing the quality of neonatal care. This review will summarize the available evidence on sex differences, racial differences, and social determinants of health related to neonates. This review will discuss sex differences in neonatal outcomes in part I and racial differences with social determinants of health in part II. Research has shown that sex differences begin to manifest in the early part of the pregnancy. Hence, we will explore this topic under two main categories: (1) Antenatal and (2) Postnatal sex differences. We will also discuss long-term outcome differences wherever the evidence is available. Multiple factors determine health outcomes during pregnancy and the newborn period. Apart from the genetic, biological, and sex-based differences that influence fetal and neonatal outcomes, racial and social factors influence the health and well-being of developing humans. Race categorizes humans based on shared physical or social qualities into groups generally considered distinct within a given society. Social determinants of health (SDOH) are the non-medical factors that influence health outcomes. These factors can include a person&apos;s living conditions, access to healthy food, education, employment status, income level, and social support. Understanding these factors is essential in developing strategies to improve overall health outcomes in communities.

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“…This highlights the necessity of future research to study motherinfant pairs in order to gain a better understanding of infant nutrition, including the role of HMLs, and early-life gut microbiome establishment. However, non-stochastic sources of variability, such as the difference of sex, provide partial explanations for the observed variance, as metabolic requirements between male and female newborns diverge [93] , implying disparities for BM absorption [94] and microbiome establishment [95] , which should not be overlooked in future research planning. It was recently highlighted that human milk provides sex-specific growth advantages, even implying the existence of sex-specific micronutrients [96] .…”

Section: Infant Sex and Socioeconomic Status Are Involved In Hm Compo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of human milk fats in shaping neonatal development and the early life gut microbiota

Seki¹,

Errerd²,

Hall³

2023

Microbiome Res Rep

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Human breast milk (HBM) is the main source of nutrition for neonates across the critical early-life developmental period. The highest demand for energy is due to rapid neurophysiological expansion post-delivery, which is largely met by human milk lipids (HMLs). These HMLs also play a prebiotic role and potentially promote the growth of certain commensal bacteria, which, via HML digestion, supports the additional transfer of energy to the infant. In tandem, HMLs can also exert bactericidal effects against a variety of opportunistic pathogens, which contributes to overall colonisation resistance. Such interactions are pivotal for sustaining homeostatic relationships between microorganisms and their hosts. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms governing these interactions remain poorly understood. This review will explore the current research landscape with respect to HMLs, including compositional considerations and impact on the early life gut microbiota. Recent papers in this field will also be discussed, including a final perspective on current knowledge gaps and potential next research steps for these important but understudied breast milk components.

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Sex differences in preterm nutrition and growth: the evidence from human milk associated studies

Cited by 9 publications

References 58 publications

The impact of gender medicine on neonatology: the disadvantage of being male: a narrative review

The impact of gender medicine on neonatology: the disadvantage of being male: a narrative review

Impact of sex, race, and social determinants of health on neonatal outcomes

The role of human milk fats in shaping neonatal development and the early life gut microbiota

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