Sex differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and the potential link to prostate cancer

Chakravarty, Dimple; Nair, Sujit S.; Hammouda, Nada; Ratnani, Parita; Gharib, Yasmine; Wagaskar, Vinayak; Mohamed, Nihal; Lundon, Dara; Dovey, Zachary; Kyprianou, Natasha; Tewari, Ashutosh

doi:10.1038/s42003-020-1088-9

Cited by 136 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 144 publications

(123 reference statements)

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“…Several unique mutations in NSP3 followed by S, ORF3a, NSP2, RdRp, helicase, E and N protein were observed in this study, which may contribute to virulence, transmission, and pathogenicity during the epidemic (Consortium et al, 2004). Interestingly, accumulating mutations were found to be higher in males than female patients, which was also reported from other countries including Italy showing male to female ratio being 3:1 in Italy (Chakravarty et al, 2020). The mortality rate was also reported high in males compared to females from China showing 2.4 times higher mortality in males (Jian-Min et al, 2020), New York State of USA (42% females vs. 58% males (https://www.syracuse.com/coronavirus-ny/).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Temporal landscape of mutation accumulation in SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Bangladesh: possible implications from the ongoing outbreak in Bangladesh

Saha

Shatadru

Rakhi

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Along with intrinsic evolution, adaptation to selective pressure in new environments might have resulted in the circulatory SARS-CoV-2 strains in response to the geoenvironmental conditions of a country and the demographic profile of its population. Thus the analysis of genomic mutations of these circulatory strains may give an insight into the molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and evolution favoring the development of effective treatment and containment strategies. With this target, the current study traced the evolutionary route and mutational frequency of 198 Bangladesh originated SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences available in the GISAID platform over a period of 13 weeks as of 14 July 2020. The analyses were performed using MEGA 7, Swiss Model Repository, Virus Pathogen Resource and Jalview visualization. Our analysis identified that majority of the circulating strains in the country belong to B and/or L type among cluster A to Z and strikingly differ from both the reference genome and the first sequenced genome from Bangladesh. Mutations in Nonspecific protein 2 (NSP2), NSP3, RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), Helicase, Spike, ORF3a, and Nucleocapsid (N) protein were common in the circulating strains with varying degrees and the most unique mutations(UM) were found in NSP3 (UM-18). But no or limited changes were observed in NSP9, NSP11, E (Envelope), NSP7a, ORF 6, and ORF 7b suggesting the possible conserved functions of those proteins in SARS-CoV-2 propagation. However, along with D614G mutation, more than 20 different mutations in the Spike protein were detected basically in the S2 domain. Besides, mutations in SR-rich region of N protein and P323L in RDRP were also present. However, the mutation accumulation showed an association with sex and age of the COVID-19 positive cases. So, identification of these mutational accumulation patterns may greatly facilitate drug/ vaccine development deciphering the age and the sex dependent differential susceptibility to COVID-19.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Temporal landscape of mutation accumulation in SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Bangladesh: possible implications from the ongoing outbreak in Bangladesh

Saha

Shatadru

Rakhi

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…In stage 1, the virus binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, a transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2). TMPRSS2 is ubiquitous in the human body; it is found in the nasal cavity and lung and is also expressed throughout the intestine and prostate [ 14 ]. ACE2 receptors can also be found in the heart, esophagus, kidneys, stomach, bladder, and ileum [ 12 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TMPRSS2 is ubiquitous in the human body; it is found in the nasal cavity and lung and is also expressed throughout the intestine and prostate [ 14 ]. ACE2 receptors can also be found in the heart, esophagus, kidneys, stomach, bladder, and ileum [ 12 , 14 ]. As SARS-CoV-2 progresses down the respiratory tract, the virus begins to activate a more potent immune response and certain patients may manifest clinically with respiratory failure and ARDS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Hydroxychloroquine on COVID-19

Hussain¹,

Chung²,

Heyl³

et al. 2020

Cureus

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Introduction Since December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread throughout the world with a large medical and economic impact. On March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified SARS-CoV-2 as a pandemic. As a result of this worldwide public health crisis, politicians, elected officials, and healthcare professionals emergently began trialing hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in efforts to treat and prevent the transmission of the virus. This meta-analysis was performed to assess the effects of HCQ on patients with COVID-19. Methods This meta-analysis adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRIMA) guidelines. Selected articles published between December 2019 and July 2020 were found utilizing the following search engines: PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, DisasterLit, Clinicaltrials.gov , Medrxiv, and Embase. Two independent physician reviewers screened eligible articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the analysis. The outcome measures analyzed were mortality rate, rate of disease progression/improvement, rate of disease severity, and adverse effects of treatment. Six out of 14 studies that met the study’s eligibility criteria were selected and further analyzed, with a total of 381 participants (n= 381). Conclusion From the studies analyzed, it was found that groups treated with HCQ had an overall mortality rate that was 2.5 times greater than that of the control group. HCQ treated patients had higher rates of adverse clinical outcomes and side effects compared with the control populations. Lastly, there was a 1.2 times higher rate of improvement in the group of HCQ treated patients with mild to moderate symptoms as compared to the control group.

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“…Males tend to have higher severity and mortality in COVID-19 than female [26]. Although the exact cause of high mortality and severity in male has not been clari ed, previous research using mouse model of viral pneumonia suggested that estrogen might suppress excessive immune responses to virus infection in lung [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 clearance period in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Okita¹,

Morita²,

Kumanogoh³

2020

Preprint

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Background: There is insufficient consensus on the viral shedding period in each background of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Methods: We conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis according to the PRISMA guidelines. PubMed and Web of Science were searched for original studies reporting the viral shedding period in patients with COVID-19. A random effects model was used to calculate the mean number of days from the onset. Subanalysis was performed focusing on age, sex, severity, locality, and treatment.Results Of 55 studies identified, 12 met the selection criteria. The viral shedding period tended to be longer in sputum (19.03 days) than in nasopharynx (14.58 days). The viral shedding period in nasopharynx tended to be longer in severe patients (23.65 days) than in nonsevere patients (12.67 days). It also tended to be longer in patients treated with steroid (21.24 days) than in patients treated without steroid (12.20 days). This period tended to be longer in Asia (16.07 days) than in Europe (12.57 days). Age, sex, and anti-viral drugs did not affect the viral shedding period.Conclusions Severity, steroid usage, and locality may affect the viral shedding period.

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Sex differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and the potential link to prostate cancer

Cited by 136 publications

References 144 publications

Temporal landscape of mutation accumulation in SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Bangladesh: possible implications from the ongoing outbreak in Bangladesh

Temporal landscape of mutation accumulation in SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Bangladesh: possible implications from the ongoing outbreak in Bangladesh

A Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Hydroxychloroquine on COVID-19

Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 clearance period in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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