Sex Differences in Susceptibility to Viral Infection

Klein, Sabra L.; Huber, Sally A.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02155-8_4

Cited by 80 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 180 publications

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“…Both basal levels of immunoglobulin [10] as well as antibody responses to viruses and vaccines are consistently higher in females than males [6,11,12]. Clinical studies reveal that males have lower CD3 + and CD4 + cell counts, CD4 + : CD8 + cell ratios, and inflammatory helper T cell type 1 (Th1) responses than females[13–16].…”

Section: Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Differ Between The Sexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex influences immune responses to viruses, and efficacy of prophylaxis and treatments for viral diseases

2012

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Summary The intensity and prevalence of viral infections are typically higher in males, whereas disease outcome can be worse for females. Females mount higher innate and adaptive immune responses than males, which can result in faster clearance of viruses, but also contributes to increased development of immunopathology. In response to viral vaccines, females mount higher antibody responses and experience more adverse reactions than males. The efficacy of antiviral drugs at reducing viral load differs between the sexes, and the adverse reactions to antiviral drugs are typically greater in females than males. Several variables should be considered when evaluating male/female differences in responses to viral infection and treatment: these include hormones, genes, and gender-specific factors related to access to, and compliance with, treatment. Knowledge that the sexes differ in their responses to viruses and to treatments for viral diseases should influence the recommended course of action differently for males and females.

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Section: Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Differ Between The Sexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex influences immune responses to viruses, and efficacy of prophylaxis and treatments for viral diseases

2012

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared to female, male mice and humans experience higher prevalence and severity of viral diseases [1][2][3]. On the other hand, females typically mount more pronounced proinflammatory innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infections than males [3]. This is shown to be double edged sword leading to a faster virus clearance, but also to some detrimental effects due to development of immune-mediated pathologies, as well [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, females typically mount more pronounced proinflammatory innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infections than males [3]. This is shown to be double edged sword leading to a faster virus clearance, but also to some detrimental effects due to development of immune-mediated pathologies, as well [3]. Sexual dimorphism in protective immune response to vaccination against many viral infections, including influenza virus infection, has also been shown [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexual diergism in antibody response to whole virus trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in outbred mice

Živković

Bufan

Petrušić

et al. 2015

Vaccine

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“…Males and females of species ranging from humans to rodents differ in their responses to viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex viruses, hantaviruses, influenza viruses, measles virus, coxsackievirus, and West Nile virus [1]. Although behavioral factors can influence exposure to viruses, genetic as well as physiological differences between the sexes can contribute to differential immune responses to infection [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody responses and cross protection against lethal influenza A viruses differ between the sexes in C57BL/6 mice

Lorenzo

Hodgson

Robinson

et al. 2011

Vaccine

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A mouse model was used to determine if protective immunity to influenza A virus infection differs between the sexes. The median lethal dose of H1N1 or H3N2 was lower for naïve females than males. After a sublethal, primary infection with H1N1 or H3N2, females and males showed a similar transient morbidity, but females generated more neutralizing and total anti-influenza A virus antibodies. Immunized males and females showed similar protection against secondary challenge with a homologous virus, but males experienced greater morbidity and had higher lung viral titers after infection with a lethal dose of heterologous virus. Females develop stronger humoral immune responses and greater cross protection against heterosubtypic virus challenge.

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Sex Differences in Susceptibility to Viral Infection

Cited by 80 publications

References 180 publications

Sex influences immune responses to viruses, and efficacy of prophylaxis and treatments for viral diseases

Sex influences immune responses to viruses, and efficacy of prophylaxis and treatments for viral diseases

Sexual diergism in antibody response to whole virus trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in outbred mice

Antibody responses and cross protection against lethal influenza A viruses differ between the sexes in C57BL/6 mice

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